India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B.C.E.-600 C.E.

Ashley Thompson AP World History Ms Thurgood,1-3 Chapter 6 India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B. C. E. -600 C. E. P *Around 1000 B. C. E the tribe were divided into kinship groups age the kings ruled over the tribes. Later under the Kings were military and civil officials, which dealt with records, income of the government and custom duties. During the Gupta empire thither was a rather decentralized memorial t opent unlike the Mauryan pudding stone. *Brahmans and warriors were at the highest point in the Hierarchy and on that point were geomorphologic laws based on the caste system. Rulers in Southeast Asia used their Indian knowledge and personnel to increase their power. E *Heavy taxes were imposed on common people during the Gupta Empire. India traded extensively with South East and East Asia. * superstars economic status in India could be compared to that of a capitalistic nightspot. This is because of the belief in reincarnation, and that whoever you were in your last life de termined who you were in your next life. These reincarnations were placed into a caste and whichever caste you were placed in depicted your social and economic status.Who you were and what you did depicted your well being. * The Funan (SE Asia) society was able to take control over the trade route mingled with India and chinaware by extending control over most of Indochina and the Malay Peninsula. R *thither was a spread and development of belief systems such as Vedism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism. * at that place were many religious texts such as Mahabharata- The vast epic of the events lead up to a battle between kinship groups in early India.Bhagavad-Gita A dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna about the necessity of the spirit. Vedas Religious texts communicated orally by Brahmin priests that were eventually written vote down and are the main source of about the Vedic period. *Buddha played a major role in the spread of Buddhism, as he was the f ounder. S *Class and Caste The varna/jati was the main categories of social identity. The Varna contained the 4 major social divisions Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.Underneath these were the Untouchables who were excluded from the class system. The jati were the regional groups of people who had common occupancy who generally interacted with the people from their group. *In terms with the patriarchal society women had little rights. In the Gupta Empire moreso women lost their rights to own and inherit property, and were banned from studying sacred texts and introduce in sacrificial rituals. They also were married at a in truth early age. Some women escaped male control by fall in Jainist and Buddhist communities. COT Although women were never viewed as on the same(p) level socially as men, their rights declined dramatically between 320 C. E. -550 C. E. I *ca. 1500 B. C. E. there was a migration of Indo-European people into northwest India. There were interactions between Asia and India through trade. * In SE Asia Indian culture was received, what was useful to them was extracted and put into beliefs and values. A Many statues, sculptures, and temples were built to honor Hindu deities and also to honor Buddha. alpha points *ca. 500 B. C. E. Siddhartha Gautama founds Buddhism Mahavira founds Jainism. This is fundamental because this was the beginning of two very important and influential religions of this time. *ca. 1500 B. C. E. Migration of Indo-European people into northwest India. This was important because these people brought in immaterial influences, and they also started the prejudice of the Dasas by the Aryans, which led to the caste system. *550 C. E. Collapse of the Gupta Empire.This was important because this was the end of an empire of poor economy and low status of women. language *moksha The Hindu concept of the spirits liberation from the endless wheel of rebirths. * Great Vehicles branch of Buddhism that focuses on reverenc e for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened people who need postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. *Theravada Buddhism Way of the elders branch of Buddhism that downplays the importance of the gods and emphasizes the persons search for enlightenment. Tamil Kingdoms The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, that produced epics, poetry, and performance arts. *Funan An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the 1st and 6th centuries C. E. It was centered in the rice-growing region of southern Vietnam. Comparative thesis Although both India and Southeast Asia between 1500 B. C. E-300C. E. had apparent religion, India had a more structured system, while in Asia there was a more open influence on religion.

Financial Statement Essay: Internal & External Users Essay

AbstractWhether or not myself or anybody else who may or may not be going to school to be an accountant, its still grievous to know the basic fundamentals of more than than just a argumentation and/ or ac union but the amount as well. Any success comes from the time, patience, passion, potential, and MONEY. Money is most important because without it, how burn anything become an deckment. We have to learn the four basic monetary parameters to heap ourselves for a future. Even if there are ones who are going to be inner users- such as managers or outdoor(a) users- ones who are creditors and investors that may use financial statements to use as a tool of ratiocination devising. In this essay, I have discussed the importance of financial statements and the usefulness that it is to twain internal and external users.Identifying & describing the four basic financial statements. The backbone of financial accounting is arranged in four different financial statements. The sta rting signal would be a balance sheet, in which the purpose of this financial statement is presenting a picture at a point in time of what the business owns (assets) and what it owes its (liabilities). The second, an income statement, which shows how successful your business is performed during a period of time and this is where you overlay all the revenues and expenses. Third, the retained earnings statement, which indicates how much of previous income was distributed to you and the other owners of your business in the form of dividends- shares, and how much was retained in the business to lead for further growth and increase. Lastly, a statement of capital flows, which shows where your business obtained cash during a period of time and how much cash was used. How financial statements laughingstock be useful to internal users.Financial statements would be useful to internal users because managers are those who plan, organize, and run an entire business they have to be fitting to present summarized financial information, which is a financial statement. It is important for them to know because poesy matters when it comes down to any type of business. They have so many important questions that sine qua nons to be asked and answered for an example, Is cash sufficient to pay dividends to Microsoft stockholders, which is a finance question. All the information has to be detailed on a timely basis. Also, for internal users, accounting proffers internal reports, such as forecasts of cash needs for the next year. How financial statements can be useful to external users. orthogonal users are investors- owners, creditors, and investors. Financial statements are very important when it comes down to external users. Investors buy and sell stocks based upon their own belief of a companys performance in the future they are always interested in a companys past net income because it does provide information for predicting how well the companys forget do. For an exa mple, The United Airlines, creditors will ask Will United Airlines be able to pay its debts as they come due?Concerns all depends on the past, present, and future of a companys success of its net income because if investors and creditors didnt have assurance in different types of businesses then the economy would suffer. Many prospective companys look to receive loans and borrow money so they can invest into something they have been planning over a period of time but, doesnt have the funds to cover it so they are in need of sources to finance their vision. It takes money to make money.ReferencesKimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial accounting Tools for business making (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons.

Pre-Socratic Philosophers Essay

Pre-Socratic is the expression norm all toldy used to describe those classical conceiveers who lived and wrote amid 600 and 400 B.C. It was the Pre-Socratics who attempted to find universal isms which would explain the earthy land from its rail lines to mans place in it. Although Socrates died in 399 B.C., the barrier Pre-Socratic indicates not so untold a chronological limit, that quite an an outlook or range of interests, an outlook attacked by both Protagoras (a Sophist) and Socrates, because rude(a) philosophy was worthless when comp atomic number 18d with the search for the good purport.To give the Pre-Socratic thinkers their full receivable would require an article of encyclopedic scope. Given that, I hurl heady to list a sum of sites on individual Pre-Socratic thinkers.Anaximander1.Life and SourcesThe biography of write Greek philosophy starts with Anaximander of Miletus in Asia Minor, a fellow-citizen of Thales. He was the firstly who dargond to write a treatise in prose, which has been c eached tradition exclusivelyy On Nature. This keep back has been lost, although it believably was available in the program library of the Lyceum at the successions of Aristotle and his substitution Theophrastus. It is utter that Apollodorus, in the second hundred BCE, stumbled upon a copy of it, by chance in the famous library of Alexandria. Recently, evidence has appe atomic number 18d that it was part of the collection of the library of Taormina in Sicily, where a fragment of a catalogue has been found, on which Anaximanders name send word be read. Only atomic number 53 fragment of the book has come down to us, quoted by Simplicius (after Theophrastus), in the sixth century AD.It is whitethornhap the most famous and most discussed phrase in the history of philosophy.We in any(prenominal) case k in a flash very little of Anaximanders life. He is say to permit led a mission that founded a colony called Apollonia on the edge of the Black Sea. He likewise probably introduced the gnomon (a perpendicular sun-dial) into Greece and erected cardinal in Sparta. So he cypherms to stool been a ofttimes-traveled man, which is not astonishing, as the Milesians were cognise to be audacious sailors. It is also reported that he displayed solemn discretion and wore pompous garments.Most of the information on Anaximander comes from Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus, whose book on the history of philosophy was used, excerpted, and quoted by numerous reversal authors, the alleged(prenominal) doxographers, out front it was lost. Sometimes, in these texts articu recentlys or expressions appear that can with some sure amour be ascribedto Anaximander himself. Relatively many testimonies, approximately 1 third of them, confine to do with astronomical and cosmological questions. Hermann Diels and Walter Kranz support edited the doxography (A) and the existing texts (B) of the pre-Socratic philosophers in Die Frag mente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin 1951-19526. (A quotation handle DK 12A17 means Diels/Kranz, Anaximander, doxographical report no.17).2. The timeless as PrincipleAccording to Aristotle and Theophrastus, the first Greek philosophers were looking for the origin or teaching (the Greek word arch has both conveys) of all things. Anaximander is said to fox de vergeine it with the Boundless or the Unlimited (Greek apeiron, that is, that which has no boundaries). Already in ancient times, it is complained that Anaximander did not explain what he meant by the Boundless. More recently, authors eat up disputed whether the Boundless should be interpreted as spatially or temporarily without limits, or perhaps as that which has no qualifications, or as that which is inexhaustible. Some scholars adjudge charge defended the meaning that which is not experienced, by relating the Greek word apeiron not to peras (boundary, limit), that to perao (to experience, to comprehend).The suggestion, however, is to a greater extent or less irresistible that Greek philosophy, by making the Boundless into the principle of all things, has started on a high level of abstraction. On the opposite hand, some have pointed out that this use of apeiron is atypical for Greek thought, which was sedulous with limit, symmetry and harmony. The Pythagoreans placed the unbounded (the apeiron) on the list of negative things, and for Aristotle, too, perfection became aligned with limit (Greek peras), and thus apeiron with imperfection. Therefore, some authors suspect eastern (Iranian) beguile on Anaximanders ideas. Anaximenes (d. 528 BCE)According to the surviving sources on his life, Anaximenes flourished in the mid(prenominal) 6th century BCE and died rough 528. He is the third philosopher of the Milesian School of philosophy, so named because uniform Thales and Anaximander, Anaximenes was an inhabitant of Miletus, in Ionia (ancient Greece). Theophrastus notes that Anaximenes was an asso ciate, and possibly a student, of Anaximanders.Anaximenes is best know for his doctrine that communication channel is the source of all things. In this agency, he differed with his predecessors ilk Thales, who held that water is the source of all things, and Anaximander, who thought that all things came from an unspecified boundless stuff.2. Doctrine of ChangeGiven his doctrine that all things are serene of air, Anaximenes suggested an interesting qualitative account of indwelling changeAir differs in marrow in accordance with its rarity or density. When it is thinned it becomes fire, part when it is condensed it becomes wind, whence cloud, when still more condensed it becomes water, then earth, then rock candys. Everything else comes from these. (DK13A5) Influence on afterwards PhilosophyAnaximenes hypothesis of successive change of offspring by rarefaction and ejection seat was influential in later theories. It is true by Heraclitus (DK22B31), and criticized by Parme nides (DK28B8.23-24, 47-48). Anaximenes normal system of how the materials of the existence arise is adopted by Anaxagoras(DK59B16), even though the latter has a very contrary theory of content. Both Melissus (DK30B8.3) and Plato (Timaeus 49b-c) see Anaximenes theory as providing a common-sense explanation of change. Diogenes of Apollonia makes air the basis of his explicitly monistic theory. The Hippocratic treatise On Breaths uses air as the central sentiment in a theory of diseases. By providing cosmological accounts with a theory of change, Anaximenes separated them from the realm of mere speculation and made them, at least in conception, scientific theories capable of testing.Thales of Miletus (c. 620 BCE c. 546 BCE)The ancient Greek philosopher Thales was natural in Miletus in Greek Ionia. Aristotle, the major source for Thaless philosophy and science, identified Thales as the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the originating substances of look and, in that respectfore, as the founder of the take aimtime of natural philosophy. Thales was interested in almost everything, investigating almost all areas of noesis, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography, and politics. Heproposed theories to explain many of the events of nature, the primary coil substance, the support of the earth, and the cause of change. Thales was frequently involved in the bothers of astronomy and provided a number of explanations of cosmological events which traditionally involved supernatural entities.His questioning advent to the hexing of heavenly phenomena was the receivening of Greek astronomy. Thales hypotheses were new and bold, and in firing phenomena from godly intervention, he paved the way of life towards scientific endeavor. He founded the Milesian school of natural philosophy, developed the scientific method, and initiated the first western enligh ten dollar billment. A number of anecdotes is cl osely connected to Thales investigations of the cosmos. When considered in association with his hypotheses they take on added meaning and are most enlightening. Thales was highly esteemed in ancient times, and a letter cited by Diogenes Laertius, and purporting to be from Anaximenes to Pythagoras, advised that all our discourse should begin with a reference to Thales (D.L. II.4).1. The Writings of ThalesDoubts have always existed almost whether Thales wrote anything, save a number of ancient reports credit him with writings. Simplicius (Diels, Dox. p. 475) specifically attri only whened to Thales authorship of the so-called Nautical Star-guide. Diogenes Laertius raised doubts about authenticity, provided wrote that according to others Thales wrote nonentity that two treatises, one On the Solstice and one On the Equinox (D.L. I.23). Lobon of argus pheasant asserted that the writings of Thales amounted to two hundred lines (D.L. I.34), and Plutarch associated Thales with opinion s and accounts expressed in poesy (Plutarch, De Pyth. or. 18. 402 E). Hesychius, recorded that Thales wrote on celestial matters in epic verse, on the equinox, and much else (DK, 11A2). Callimachus credited Thales with the sage advice that navigators should navigate by Ursa Minor (D.L. I.23), advice which may have been in writing.Diogenes mentions a poet, Choerilus, who declared that Thales was the first to maintain the immortality of the sense (D.L. I.24), and in De Anima, Aristotles rowing from what is recorded about Thales, indicate that Aristotle was take oning from a written source. Diogenes recorded thatThales seems by some accounts to have been the first to shoot astronomy, the first to predict eclipses of the sun and to fix the solstices so Eudemus in his recital of Astronomy. It was this which gained for him the admiration of Xenophanes and Herodotus and the notice of Heraclitus and Democritus (D.L. I.23). Eudemus who wrote a archives of Astronomy, and also on geometr y and theology, essentialiness be considered as a possible source for the hypotheses of Thales. The information provided by Diogenes is the sort of material which he would have intromitd in his history of Astronomy, and it is possible that the titles On the Solstice, and On the Equinox were available to Eudemus.Xenophanes, Herodotus, Heraclitus and Democritus were familiar with the work of Thales, and may have had a work by Thales available to them. A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest location in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The word solstice is derived from the Latin sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still), because at the solstices, the Sun stands still in declination that is, the seasonal movement of the Suns path (as seen from Earth) comes to a stop before reversing direction. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons.In many cultures the solstices mark all the beg inning or the midpoint of winter and summer. The term solstice can also be used in a broader sense, as the date (day) when this occurs. The day of the solstice is either the longest day of the year (in summer) or the shortest day of the year (in winter) for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the y wee maximal or minimum for that place. Proclus recorded that Thales was followed by a colossal wealthiness of geometers, most of whom remain as honoured label. They commence with Mamercus, who was a pupil of Thales, and include Hippias of Elis, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Philippus of Mende, Euclid, and Eudemus, a friend of Aristotle, who wrote histories of arithmetic, of astronomy, and of geometry, and many lesser known names. It is possible that writings of Thales were available to some of these men.Any records which Thales may have kept would have been an advantage in his own work. This is especially true of mathem atics, of the dates and times unflinching when fixing the solstices, the positions of stars, and infinancial transactions. It is difficult to believe that Thales would not have written down the information he had ga in that locationd in his travels, in particular the geometry he investigated in Egypt and his measuring of the height of the pyramid, his hypotheses about nature, and the cause of change.Proclus adjudge Thales as the discoverer of a number of specific theorems (A Commentary on the First Book of Euclids Elements 65. 8-9 250. 16-17). This suggests that Eudemus, Procluss source had before him the written records of Thaless discoveries. How did Thales prove his theorems if not in written words and sketches? The workings On the Solstice, On the Equinox, which were attributed to Thales (D.L. I.23), and the Nautical Star guide, to which Simplicius referred, may have been sources for the History of Astronomy of Eudemus (D.L. I.23). Pythagoras (c.570c.495 BCE)The pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Pythagoras moldiness have been one of the worlds longest persons, but he wrote zip, and it is hard to say how much of the doctrine we know as Pythagorean is due to the founder of the society and how much is later outgrowth. It is also hard to say how much of what we are told about the life of Pythagoras is trustworthy for a mass of legend ga in that respectd around his name at an early date. Sometimes he is represented as a man of science, and sometimes as a preacher of cryptic doctrines, and we might be tempted to study one or other of those characters as alone historical. The accuracy is that there is no need to reject either of the traditional views.The union of mathematical genius and mysticism is common enough. in the first place from Samos, Pythagoras founded at Kroton (in southern Italy) a society which was at once a religious community and a scientific school. Such a organic structure was bound to excite jealousy and mistrust, and we hear of many struggles. Pythagoras himself had to flee from Kroton to Metapontion, where he died.It is stated that he was a disciple of Anaximander, his astronomy was the natural teaching of Anaximanders. Also, the way in which the Pythagorean geometry developed also bears witness to its celestial latitude from that of Miletos. The great problem at this date was the duplication of the square, a problem which gave rise to the theorem of the square on the hypotenuse, commonlyknown still as the Pythagorean proposition (Euclid, I. 47). If we were right in assuming that Thales worked with the old 345 triangle, the connection is obvious.Pythagoras argued that there are three kinds of men, clean as there are three classes of strangers who come to the Olympic Games. The worst consists of those who come to buy and sell, and next above them are those who come to compete. vanquish of all are those who simply come to look on. Men may be classified accordingly as lovers of wisdom, lovers of honor, and l overs of gain. That seems to imply the doctrine of the tripartite someone, which is also attributed to the early Pythagoreans on good authority, though it is common now to ascribe it to Plato. There are, however, clear references to it before his time, and it adjudges much better with the everyday outlook of the Pythagoreans.The comparison of human life to a gathering like the Games was often repeated in later days. Pythagoras also taught the doctrine of metempsychosis or transmigration, which we may have learned from the contemporary Orphics. Xenophanes made frolic of him for pretending to recognize the voice of a departed friend in the howls of a beaten dog. Empedocles seems to be referring to him when he speaks of a man who could call up what happened ten or twenty generations before. It was on this that the doctrine of Recollection, which plays so great a part in Plato, was based. The things we perceive with the senses, Plato argues, remind us of things we knew when the so ul was out of the body and could perceive reality directly.There is more problem about the cosmology of Pythagoras. Hardly any school ever professed much(prenominal) reverence for its founders authority as the Pythagoreans. The Master said so was their watchword. On the other hand, few schools have risen so much capacity for progress and for adapting themselves to new conditions. Pythagoras started from the cosmical system of Anaximenes. Aristotle tells us that the Pythagoreans represented the world as inhaling air form the boundless mass outside it, and this air is identified with the unlimited. When, however, we come to the process by which things are developed out of the unlimited, we observe a great change.We hear nothing more of separating out or even of rarefaction and condensation. Instead of that we have the theory that what gives form to theUnlimited is the Limit. That is the great contribution of Pythagoras to philosophy, and we mustiness try to understand it. Now the function of the Limit is usually illustrated from the arts of music and medicine, and we have seen how significant these two arts were for Pythagoreans, so it is natural to infer that the several(prenominal)ize to its meaning is to be found in them.It may be interpreted as reliable(p) that Pythagoras himself discovered the numerical ratios which determine the concordant intervals of the musical comedy scale. Similar to musical intervals, in medicine there are opposites, much(prenominal) as the hot and the cold, the wet and the ironical, and it is the business of the physician to produce a proper blend of these in the human body. In a long-familiar recallage of Platos Phaedo (86 b) we are told by Simmias that the Pythagoreans held the body to be arrange like an instrument to a certain pitch, hot and cold, wet and dry taking the place of high and low in music. Musical adjust and health are alike means arising from the application of Limit to the Unlimited. It was natural for Pythagoras to look for something of the same kind in the world at large. in brief stated, the doctrine of Pythagoras was that all things are numbers. In certain fundamental cases, the early Pythagoreans represented numbers and explained their properties by means of dots arranged in certain enciphers or patterns. Zenos ParadoxesIn the fifth century B.C.E., Zeno of Elea offered arguments that led to conclusions contradicting what we all know from our physical experiencethat contrabandists break out, that arrows fly, and that there are many opposite things in the world. The arguments were paradoxes for the ancient Greek philosophers. Because most of the arguments turn crucially on the notion that space and time are infinitely divisiblefor example, that for any distance there is such a thing as half(prenominal) that distance, and so onZeno was the first person in history to show that the concept of infinity is problematical.In his Achilles Paradox, Achilles races to catch a muff leder runnerfor example, a tortoise that is crawling away from him. The tortoise has a head start, so if Achilles hopes to overwhelm it, he must run at least to the place where the tortoise soon is, but by the time he arrives there, it will have crawled to a new place, so then Achilles must run to this new place, but thetortoise meanwhile will have crawled on, and so forth. Achilles will never catch the tortoise, says Zeno. Therefore, good springing shows that fast runners never can catch slow ones. So much the worse for the engage that motion really occurs, Zeno says in defense of his mentor Parmenides who had argued that motion is an illusion.Although practically no scholars today would agree with Zenos conclusion, we can not escape the paradox by jumping up from our seat and chasing down a tortoise, nor by saying Achilles should run to some other target place ahead of where the tortoise is at the moment. What is indispensable is an analysis of Zenos own argument that does n ot get us embroiled in new paradoxes nor impoverish our mathematics and science.This article explains his ten known paradoxes and considers the treatments that have been offered. Zeno imitation distances and durations can be divided into an unquestionable infinity (what we now call a transfinite infinity) of indivisible parts, and he assumed these are too many for the runner to complete. Aristotles treatment said Zeno should have assumed there are only potential infinities, and that uncomplete places nor times divide into indivisible parts. His treatment became the generally accepted final result until the late 19th century. The current standard treatment says Zeno was right to close that a runners path contains an actual infinity of parts, but he was mistaken to assume this is too many.This treatment employs the apparatus of tartar which has proved its indispens faculty for the development of modern science. In the twentieth century it finally became clear that disallowing ac tual infinities, as Aristotle wanted, hampers the growth of set theory and ultimately of mathematics and physics. This standard treatment took hundreds of long time to perfect and was due to the flexibility of rationals who were willing to replace old theories and their concepts with more fruitful ones, disrespect the damage through with(predicate) to common sense and our naive intuitions. The article ends by exploring newer treatments of the paradoxesand related paradoxes such as Thomsons Lamp Paradoxthat were developed since the 1950s.Parmenides (b. 510 BCE)Parmenides was a Greek philosopher and poet, born of an illustrious family about BCE. 510, at Elea in cut Italy, and is is the chief representative of the Eleatic philosophy. He was held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens for his excellent legislation, to which they ascribed the prosperity and wealth of the town. He was also admired for his symbolic life. A Parmenidean life was proverbial among the Greeks. He is commonl y represented as a disciple of Xenophanes. Parmenides wrote after Heraclitus, and in conscious opposition to him, addicted the evident allusion to Hericlitus for whom it is and is not, the same and not the same, and all things travel in opposite directions (fr. 6, 8). Little more is known of his biography than that he stopped at Athens on a pilgrimage in his sixty-fifth year, and there became acquainted with the youthful Socrates. That must have been in the middle of the fifth century BCE., or shortly after it.Parmenides broke with the older dome prose tradition by writing in hexameter verse. His didactic poem, called On Nature, survives in fragments, although the Proem (or introductory discourse) of the work has been preserved. Parmenides was a young man when he wrote it, for the goddess who reveals the impartiality to him addresses him as youth. The work is considered inartistic. Its Hesiodic style was appropriate for the cosmogony he describes in the second part, but is unsui ted to the arid dialectic of the first. Parmenides was no born poet, and we must ask what led him to take this new departure. The example of Xenophanes poetic writings is not a complete explanation for the poetry of Parmenides is as unlike that of Xenophanes as it well can be, and his style is more like Hesiod and the Orphics. In the Proem Parmenides describes his ascent to the home of the goddess who is supposed to speak the remainder of the verses this is a reflexion of the conventional ascents into heaven which were almost as common as descents into hell in the apocalyptic literature of those days.The Proem opens with Parmenides representing himself as borne on a chariot and attended by the Sunmaidens who have quitted the Halls of night to guide him on his journey. They pass along the highway till they come to the Gate of Night and Day, which is locked and barred. The key is in the keeping of Dike (Right), the Avenger, who is persuaded to unlock it by the Sunmaidens.They pass in through the gate and are now, of course, in the realms of Day. The goal of the journey is the palace of a goddess who welcomes Parmenides and instructs him in the two ways, that of Truth and the deceptive way of view, in which is no truth at all. All this is described without passion and in a slenderly conventional manner, so it must be interpreted by the canons of the apocalyptic style. It is clearly meant to indicate that Parmenides had been converted, that he had passed from computer geological fault (night) to truth (day), and the Two Ways must represent his former error and the truth which is now revealed to him.There is reason to believe that the Way of Belief is an account of Pythagorean cosmology. In any case, it is surely impossible to regard it as anything else than a rendering of some error. The goddess says so in words that cannot be explained away. Further, this erroneous belief is not the ordinary mans view of the world, but an elaborate system, which seems to b e a natural development the Ionian cosmology on certain lines, and there is no other system but the Pythagorean that fulfils this requirement. To this it has been objected that Parmenides would not have taken the disorder to expound in detail a system he had altogether rejected, but that is to mistake the character of the apocalyptic convention. It is not Parmenides, but the goddess, that expounds the system, and it is for this reason that the beliefs described are said to be those of mortals.Now a description of the ascent of the soul would be quite incomplete without a mental picture of the region from which it had escaped. The goddess must reveal the two ways at the parting of which Parmenides stands, and bid him choose the better. The rise of mathematics in the Pythagorean school had revealed for the first time the power of thought. To the mathematician of all men it is the same thing that can be thought and that can be, and this is the principle from which Parmenides starts. It is impossible to think what is not, and it is impossible for what cannot be thought to be. The great question, Is it or is it not? is because equivalent to the question, Can it be thought or not?In any case, the work thus has two divisions. The first discusses the truth, and the second the world of illusion that is, the world of the senses and the erroneous opinions of mankind founded upon them. In his opinion truthlies in the perception that existence is, and error in the idea that non-existence also can be. Nothing can have real existence but what is conceivable consequently to be imagined and to be able to exist are the same thing, and there is no development. The essence of what is conceivable is incapable of development, imperishable, immutable, unbounded, and indivisible. What is heterogeneous and mutable, all development, is a delusive phantom. Perception is thought directed to the pure essence of being the phenomenal world is a delusion, and the opinions formed concer ning it can only be improbable.Parmenides goes on to consider in the light of this principle the consequences of saying that anything is. In the first place, it cannot have come into being. If it had, it must have arisen from nothing or from something. It cannot have arisen from nothing for there is no nothing. It cannot have arisen from something for here is nothing else than what is. Nor can anything else besides itself come into being for there can be no empty space in which it could do so. Is it or is it not? If it is, then it is now, all at once. In this way Parmenides refutes all accounts of the origin of the world. Ex nihilo nihil fit.Further, if it is, it simply is, and it cannot be more or less. There is, therefore, as much of it in one place as in another. (That makes rarefaction and condensation impossible.) it is continuous and indivisible for there is nothing but itself which could prevent its parts being in contact with one another. It is therefore full, a continuous i ndivisible plenum. (That is directed against the Pythagorean theory of a discontinuous reality.) Further, it is immovable. If it moved, it must move into empty space, and empty space is nothing, and there is no nothing.Also it is finite and spherical for it cannot be in one direction any more than in another, and the sphere is the only figure of which this can be said. What is, therefore a finite, spherical, motionless, continuous plenum, and there is nothing beyond it. Coming into being and ceasing to be are mere names, and so is motion, and still more color and the like. They are not even thoughts for a thought must be a thought of something that is, and none of these can be.Such is the conclusion to which the view of the real as a single body inevitably leads, and there is no escape from it. The matter of our physical text-books is just the real of Parmenides and, unless we can find room for something else than matter, we are shut up into his account of reality. No subsequent sys tem could abide to ignore this, but of course it was impossible to acquiesce permanently in a doctrine like that of Parmenides. It deprives the world we know of all claim to existence, and reduces it to something which is hardly even an illusion. If we are to give an intelligible account of the world, we must certainly introduce motion again somehow. That can never be taken for granted any more, as it was by the early cosmologists we must attempt to explain it if we are to escape from the conclusions of Parmenides. Heraclitus (fl. c.500 BCE)A Greek philosopher of the late 6th century BCE, Heraclitus criticizes his predecessors and contemporaries for their failure to see the unity in experience. He claims to announce an everlasting Word (Logos) according to which all things are one, in some sense. Opposites are necessary for life, but they are integrate in a system of balanced exchanges. The world itself consists of a virtue-like discussion of elements, symbolized by fire. Thus t he world is not to be identified with any particular substance, but rather with an ongoing process governed by a law of change. The underlying law of nature also manifests itself as a moral law for human beings. Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications. Anaxagoras (c.500428 BCE)Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years. He gained notoriety for his materialistic views, particularly his contention that the sun was a furious rock. This led to charges of impiety, and he was sentenced to death by the Athenian court. He avoided this penalty by leaving Athens, and he spent his remaining years in exile. While Anaxagoras proposed theories on a variety of subjects, he is most notable for two theories. First, he speculated that in the physical world everything contains a circle of everything else. His observation of how nutrition plant life in animals led him to conclude that in order for the food an animal eats to turn into bone,hair, flesh, and so forth, it must already contain all of those constituents within it. The second theory of significance is Anaxagoras postulation of Mind (Nous) as the initiating and governing principle of the cosmos. Democritus (460370 BCE)Democritus was born at Abdera, about 460 BCE, although according to some 490. His bring was from a noble family and of great wealth, and contributed largely towards the entertainment of the army of Xerxes on his return to Asia. As a reward for this service the Persian monarch gave and other Abderites presents and left among them several Magi. Democritus, according to Diogenes Laertius, was instructed by these Magi in astronomy and theology. After the death of his father he traveled in search of wisdom, and devoted his inheritance to this purpose, amounting to one hundred talents. He is said to have vis ited Egypt, Ethiopia, Persia, and India. Whether, in the course of his travels, he visited Athens or studied under Anaxagoras is uncertain. During some part of his life he was instructed in Pythagoreanism, and was a disciple of Leucippus. After several years of traveling, Democritus returned to Abdera, with no means of subsistence.His brother Damosis, however, took him in. According to the law of Abdera, whoever wasted his birthright would be deprived of the rites of burial. Democritus, hoping to avoid this disgrace, gave creation lectures. Petronius relates that he was acquainted with the virtues of herbs, plants, and stones, and that he spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies. He acquired fame with his knowledge of natural phenomena, and predicted changes in the weather. He used this ability to make nation believe that he could predict future events. They not only viewed him as something more than mortal, but even proposed to put him in control of their univers e affairs. He preferred a contemplative to an active life, and therefore declined these public honors and passed the remainder of his days in solitude.Credit cannot be given to the tale that Democritus spent his leisure hours in chemical researches after the philosophers stone the dream of a later age or to the story of his dialogue with Hippocrates concerning Democrituss supposed madness, as based on spurious letters. Democritus has been commonly known as The Laughing Philosopher, and it is gravely relatedby Seneca that he never appeared in public with out expressing his contempt of human follies while laughing. Accordingly, we find that among his fellow-citizens he had the name of the mocker. He died at more than a hundred years of age. It is said that from then on he spent his days and nights in caverns and sepulchers, and that, in order to master his intellectual faculties, he blinded himself with burning glass. This story, however, is discredited by the writers who mention it thus far as they say he wrote books and dissected animals, neither of which could be done well without eyes.Democritus expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus. He maintained the impossibility of dividing things ad infinitum. From the difficulty of assigning a beginning of time, he argued the infinity of existing nature, of void space, and of motion. He supposed the atoms, which are originally similar, to be impenetrable and have a density proportionate to their volume. All motions are the result of active and passive affection. He drew a eminence between primary motion and its secondary effects, that is, impulse and reaction. This is the basis of the law of necessity, by which all things in nature are ruled. The worlds which we see with all their properties of immensity, resemblance, and dissimilitude result from the endless multiplicity of falling atoms. The human soul consists of globular atoms of fire, which impart movement to the body.Maintaining his atomic theory througho ut, Democritus introduced the hypothesis of images or idols (eidola), a kind of emanation from external objects, which make an impression on our senses, and from the influence of which he deduced sensation (aesthesis) and thought (noesis). He distinguished between a rude, imperfect, and therefore false perception and a true one. In the same manner, consistent with this theory, he accounted for the popular notions of Deity partly through our incapacity to understand fully the phenomena of which we are witnesses, and partly from the impressions communicated by certain beings (eidola) of enormous stature and resembling the human figure which inhabit the air. We know these from dreams and the causes of divination. He carried his theory into practical philosophy also, laying down that happiness consisted in an even temperament. From this he deduced his moral principles and prudential maxims. It was from Democritus thatEpicurus borrowed the principal features of his philosophy. Empedocles (c.492432 BCE)Empedocles (of Acagras in Sicily) was a philosopher and poet one of the most important of the philosophers working before Socrates (the Presocratics), and a poet of swell ability and of great influence upon later poets such as Lucretius. His works On Nature and Purifications (whether they are two poems or only one see below) exist in more than 150 fragments. He has been regarded diversely as a materialist physicist, a shamanic magician, a mystical theologian, a healer, a democratic politician, a living god, and a fraud. To him is attributed the invention of the four-element theory of matter (earth, air, fire, and water), one of the earliest theories of particle physics, put forward seemingly to turn in the phenomenal world from the static monism of Parmenides.Empedocles world-view is of a cosmic cycle of eternal change, growth and decay, in which two personified cosmic forces, Love and Strife, engage in an eternal battle for supremacy. In psychology and ethics Emp edocles was a confederate of Pythagoras, hence a believer in the transmigration of souls, and hence also a vegetarian. He claims to be a daimn, a divine or potentially divine being, who, having been banished from the immortals gods for three times countless years for committing the sin of meat-eating(prenominal) and forced to suffer successive reincarnations in an purificatory journey through the different orders of nature and elements of the cosmos, has now achieved the most perfect of human states and will be reborn as an immortal. He also claims seemingly magical powers including the ability to revive the dead and to control the winds and rains.

Anchoring-Annual Day Essay

These virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) characters then do things that bulk in the unfeigned realism do, such as having sex. Depending on your preferences, you can possess sex with soul who is older or younger than you perhaps much older or younger. In fact, if your virtual character is an adult, you can gravel sex with a virtual character who is a child. If you did that in the real world, more or less of us would agree that you did something soundly wrong. But is it seriously wrong to have virtual sex with a virtual child?Some Second liveness players say that it is, and have vowed to expose those who do it. Meanwhile, the manufacturers, Linden Labs, have give tongue to they will modify the game to prevent virtual children from having sex. German prosecutors have also become involved, although their concern appears to be the habit of the game to banquet child pornography, rather than whether people have virtual sex with virtual children. Laws against child pornography in o ther countries may also have the effect of prohibiting games that permit virtual sex with virtual children.In Australia, Connor OBrien, chair of the criminal law section of the Law Institute of Victoria, late told the Melbourne newspaper The Age that he thought the manufacturer of Second flavor could be prosecuted for publishing images of children in a sexual context. The law is on solid ground when it protects children from being exploited for sexual purposes. It becomes much more dubious when it interferes with sexual acts between consent adults. What adults choose to do in the bedroom, many thoughtful people believe, is their own business, and the state ought not to lever into it.If you get aroused by having your adult quitner dress up as a schoolchild before you have sex, and he or she is happy to enter into that fantasise, your behavior may be abhorrent to most people, entirely as long as it is done in private, a couple of(prenominal) would think that it makes you a c riminal. Nor should it make any difference if you invite a few adult friends over, and in the privacy of your own home they exclusively choose to take part in a larger-scale sexual imagine of the same kind.Are computers linked via the Internet again, assuming that only consenting adults are involved so different from a group romance of this kind? When someone proposes making something a criminal offense, we should always entreat who is harmed? If it can be shown that the opportunity to act out a fantasy by having virtual sex with a virtual child makes people more likely to engage in real pedophilia, then real children will be harmed, and the case for prohibiting virtual pedophilia becomes stronger.But flavor at the question in this way raises another, and perhaps more significant, have sex about virtual activities pic game violence. Those who play uncivilised video games are often at an impressionable age. Doom, a popular cherry-red videogame, was a favorite of Eric Harri s and Dylan Klebold, the teenage Columbine High School murderers. In a chilling videotape they made before the massacre, Harris says Its passing play to be like fucking Doom. That fucking shotgun he kisses his gun is dependable out of Doom There are other cases in which aficionados of rough videogames have become killers, but they do not prove attain and effect. More weight, however, should be given to the growing number of scientific studies, some(prenominal) in the laboratory and in the field, of the effect of such games. In bowelless Video Game Effects on Children and Adults, Craig Anderson, Douglas Gentile, and Katherine Buckley, of the Department of Psychology at Iowa State University, draw these studies together to argue that tough video games growth aggressive behavior.If criminal prosecution is too blunt an instrument to use against violent video games, there is a case for awarding regaining to the victims, or families of the victims, of violent crimes setted by pe ople who play violent video games. To date, such lawsuits have been dismissed, at least in part on the grounds that the manufacturers could not foresee that their products would cause people to commit crimes. But the evidence that Anderson, Gentile, and Buckley provide has weakened that defense.Andre Peschke, editor-in-chief of Krawall. e , one of Germanys leading online computer and video game magazines, informs me that in ten long time in the video game industry, he has never seen any serious debate within the industry on the ethics of producing violent games. The manufacturers walk out back on the simplistic assertion that there is no scientific proof that violent video games lead to violent acts. But sometimes we cannot wait for proof. This seems to be one of those cases the risks are great, and outweigh whatever benefits violent video games may have.The evidence may not be conclusive, but it is too strong to be ignored any longer. The burst of promotion about virtual pedophil ia in Second Life may have focused on the wrong target. Video games are decent subject to legal controls, not when they enable people to do things that, if real, would be crimes, but when there is evidence on the basis of which we can fairly conclude that they are likely to increase serious crime in the real world. At present, the evidence for that is stronger for games involving violence than it is for virtual realities that permit pedophilia.

Dramatic irony in Of Mice and Men Essay

The major irony in Of Mice and Men is that George refines Lennie because of their fri barship. George kills Lennie to spare him from a worse death. George complained about Lennie and his defects, just pull aheads his importance only after his death. Once Lennie is dead, George loses the exercising weight of responsibility Lennie caused him, moreover he is also lonely. Also, Lennie and Georges hallucination to declare their own farm that is carried out throughout the novel dissapears with Lennies death.George and Lennie breathing in of owning a little farm of ten acres with a windmill, a little shack, an orchard and many animals. The stargaze keeps them going and makes their work easier plainly also solidifies their fri hold backship. The day-dream that leads them on depart die with Lennies death. The dream of Lennie and George is one of the types of American Dream popular in American fiction. Their dream is that of wealth and land, the relish for a home, and to work the ir own land. For Lennie in finicky it is to have responsibility for erst, to look after the rabbits, and to finally have a sense of self worth. Yet the irony in Of Mice and Men is that the dream seems a mirage, it will non be bring home the bacond. George and Lennie try to deny their neighborly class and role in the world, but the outcome will fold this dream to be unreachable. George and Lennie only own their arms and the experience betwixt them.Lennies interim causes irony in the novel. disrespect the fact that Lennie is basically good, a grown child, he harms those that surround him. This can be seen when he kills the mouse because he stroked it as well hard. Yet, the killing of the mouse was caused by his affectionateness for it, and his liking its soft fur. Similarly, he kills the puppy, and eventually Curleys wife. All these acts pass not due to hatred or the intentional desire to harm, but due to his childish affection, and love for the mouse, the puppy and Curle ys wife. Lennie is simply too slow to realize his own strength and his retardation is the cause of his death. notwithstanding the fact George tried to keep him out of trouble, Lennie eventually puts himself in a situation from which he cannot be pull roundd. All Lennie can do is kill him to avoid him a worse fate.Ironically, it is also love that causes Lennies death. George kills him to save him from linching. And once again, their is irony in Georges situationat the end of the book. Despite the weight Lennie was to his friend, because of to his mental retardation, George is alone and lonely at the end of the novel. Through these feelings he realizes the worth of his friendship with Lennie, that was greater than the problems caused by his retardation but that still caused his death. Loneliness troubles many characters in Of Mice and Men, including Candy, Crooks, Curleys wife, and Slim. Their desire for human company makes them human and makes George and Lennie unselfish and good i n their friendship that is stronger than their social condition.In Of Mice and Men, the fundamental irony is that no matter how in an elaborate way George and Lennie plan their future, and regardless of how strongly they hope and dream their plan wil not happen. George and Lennie are forced to work the land of others, dreaming for the day they will own their own farm. They work hard to reach their dream, yet the effects of Lennies retardation, despite him being good, will cause them not to achieve their dream. George and Lennies friendship is what makes them unique, yet did not stop their sad destiny.Despite the fact that Lennie is a weight for George, George always ends up defending him but cannot do anything to save him in the end and his forced to kill him. He kills him for love and this is another element of irony in Of Mice and Men. But once Lennie is dead, George is lonely and despite his attachement to his dream of owning a farm he has to realize his dream has died with Len nie, because it was their dream, not his own.

Unconditional Love

Unconditional Love With jolting word choice and the sound application of imagery, the poem My Papas trip the light fantastic toe, written in 1948 by Theodore Roethke (1908 1963), presents the loud loudspeaker as a claw who is trapped in a world tragically affected by alcoholism and physical clapperclaw yet who relentlessly attempts to attain respect and affection from his drunken and flushed produce. The whimsical lyrics prompt the reader to recognize that although this poem depicts the essence of a electric shaver, the implication of a life of patterned torture is in thick(p) contrast to the reality of a carefree childishness.My Papas Waltz is written in quatrain form purposely echoing the sing poem sound of idyllic childhood rhymes to contrast the meaning of the poem which illustrates a childhood buzz off with an alcoholic and abusive receive who, despite the ongoing pain inflicted, is still loved unconditionally by his son. The speaker relates this experience in his childhood with his drunken father in an almost doting tone, yet with the distain of the alcoholism and violence soundly ringing through.He states, The whiskey on your breath, Could make a small boy dizzy simply I hung on like death Such waltzing was not easy, (lines 1-4). The speakers tone reveals that although his father drinks to the point of his breath universe wise and that the situation is confusing to the lad, he still hung on like death, cont give notice with his fancy that if he continued the waltz the relationship with his father that he would retain his fathers love.In the cobblers last line of the stanza, the speakers resolute determination of continuing with the difficult waltz lends reliance to the optimism of his youth which is evident in his perseverance to experience the father-son relationship. The word choices throughout the poem, such as death, battered, scraped, and beat imply that the speakers childhood is certainly not a functional one and, moreover, is filled day-after-day with the cruel interactions of his hardened father.The speaker reflects, We romped until the pans, Slid from the kitchen shelf My mothers countenance, Could not unfrown itself, (5-8). This passage suggests through detailed imagery that although this young boy is being abused by his father, with household items being knocked from their places with the shaking of the violence, his mother discreditably remains a silent but disapproving bystander as she witnesses her childs horrendous beatings.The brutal scene continues to unfold as The handwriting that held my wrist, Was battered on one knuckle At every blackguard you missed, My right ear scraped a buckle, (9 12). In a vivid vaunt of terrifying progression, the father grasps the boys wrist with his hand in an attempt to land yet another steady blow, battering his press even more. When his drunken state causes him to stagger, the boys ear scrapes against his rush buckle, instead.As the fathers tension and f ury explodes from the failed strike, the speaker recounts that his father beats time on my head then waltzed me off to bed, creating a vision of a frenzied rage as he is repeatedly hit until he is thrown violently into his room at the end of the beating (13, 15). Throughout this instance of abuse it is quite clear that this childs love for his father is steadfast and unwavering. Regardless of the incessant beating, the last line of the poem is the boys emphatic plea for love and acceptance as he was still clinging to (his) shirt, (16).While he notes his fathers palm caked hard with dirt, the excusing tone suggests that he recognizes the hard life his father lives and thus pardons his cruelty. As is often the case with an abused person, no matter the depths of the abuse that is endured, a longing and a resilient hope for a functional, loving and nurturing relationship with ones parent continues, as is displayed in My Papas Waltz. Works Cited Roethke, Theodore. My Papas Waltz. litera ry works for Composition, 8th ed. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, William E. Cain. New York Pearson Longman, 2008. 807.

Drama Performance Evaluation

In our most recent operation we created a play called The Streets In this my characters friend dies as he is flavour by my fellow. I have to show sadness towards his death during the dim motion reaction scene whilst also being shocked. When the scene comes to flavour I have to use body language and facial formula to show that at the same time. I am upset that my brother has shot my friend and that he took his to dislike towards him that far. Whilst being panicked and anxious, because I dont know how to deal with the grief. I am peeping for help, with my desperate pleas, but nobody is around to help me, as they are all in the same situation as my character. E rattlingbody is dealing with same emotions.I think the piece was effective as the music end-to-end would have set the mood and atmosphere as the music is preferably calming and relaxing, which contrasts with the harshness of the death. Also the gangs reaction is contrasted when they refuse to help him, and past later regret this decision. The sorrow begins to set in, the community will never be the same, as every single persons character is connected in some dash to Tom. Whether thats his friend, family or just someone who knew his family. We are all deeply affected by what has happened. During this performance we touch on the themes of domestic abuse, lies, relationships and drugs. The mood of the play stays the same throughout.As I was a gang member I had to change how I walked, the way I talked and my overall attitude and reactions to things to make it believable. I walked with a lisp, utter in slang and reacted as if I thought that I was ameliorate than everyone else and that I could beat the all if it came to a fight. These are all the ship canal that I changed my character from my personality to get a higher mark. Of blood line costume was another factor to help me get in character. boilers suit I think that as a whole class we did very well, plenty remembered their cues and lines. E veryone knew what the next scene was. People used facial expressions to need how they were feeling to the audience. And body language was used to make characters believable. Although of course at that place were some bad points, people lost focussing and came out of character, people mimed actions and they were looking at the teacher whenever she didnt get the lighting or music cues right. People also talked in between scenes.I would crisscross myself at a merit, as although it was effective towards the end, I lost my focus and it wasnt clear as to who I was. As I became my well-heeled with the audience being there then I began to become myself more than and more towards the end of the performance which would obviously pull my grade atomic pile from a distinction.

Life †Purpose Essay

conduct is a gift. It is an honor, a spark, an excitement. We solely have a world of our own. Albert Camus, formerly said, You will never be happy if you continue to search for what mirth consists of. You will never live if you are tone for the sum of purport (Camus, 1946). Life is nigh lifespan to your fullest abilities. why waste our time looking for the designateing of each breath we take? Each person is a part of disembodied spirit. Each career has a world of its own. I consider that the signification of invigoration, is to find heart in our own lifetime.The meaning of life is a philosophical question concerning the significance of life or humankind in general. It can also be expressed in distinct ways, such as Why are we here? , What is life all nearly? , and What is the purpose of existence? It has been the subject of much philosophical, scientific, and theological precondition throughout history. There have been a large number of proposed answers to thes e questions from numerous different cultural and ideological backgrounds.The meaning of life is in the philosophical and religious conceptions of existence, social ties, consciousness, and happiness, and borders on many other issues, such as symbolic meaning, value, purpose, ethics, good and evil, free will, the existence of one or quadruplicate Gods, conceptions of God, the soul, and the afterlife. Scientific contri thations focus primarily on describing related experiential facts about the universe, exploring the perspective and parameters concerning the how in life. Science also studies and can provide recommendations for the following of well being and a related origin of honesty.An alternative, humanistic cost poses the question What is the meaning of my life? The value of the question regarding to the purpose of life may agree with the achievement of ultimate reality, or a feeling of oneness, or even a feeling of sacredness (d2bb. org,2011). The meaning of life is a quest ion that is thrown around from person to person asking them what they esteem. near people have an idea of what the meaning of life is and other has no clue. Some believe that you just live life and others believe magical spell living life you find the meaning.When I had a conversation with my experience about what the meaning of life is all about he had the akin response to the question that basically everyone else had came up with. The one difference that he said while we were talking was that life is full of choices and decisions. I sentiment for a while about what he said thinking that thither was more behind it wherefore just what he had stated. What I came up with was that maybe he was implying that what we do during our period of living is what sets up the attached thing that happens in life.So each choice that we make is authorized in that its not the meaning of life thats so important but the concept of what we do during life is the meaning. Some baron disagree sti ll thinking about what my father has said to, but its just another point of view and I have no problem looking at it from a different angle. Another crowing payoff when it comes to the question of the meaning of life is euphony. Music is a dandy way to hear what other people and especially artist think about the meaning of life thought their songs.Sometimes its hard to hear but if you listen closely thither is ever so a message somewhere that says something about the meaning of life. For example, in the song I presumet wanna be by Gavin Degraw, he speaks out about what he thinks about the meaning of life threw what other people are and what he doesnt ask to become. Im adjoin by liars everywhere. I turn. Imposters everywhere. I turn surround me. Im surrounded by identity crisis everywhere. I turn Am I the further one whos noticed? I cant be the only one whos learned I dont want to be anything other than what Ive been trying to be lately. every last(predicate) I have to do i s think of me and Ive peace of mind, Im tired of looking round rooms wondering what I got to do Or who Im ideated to be. I dont want to be anything other than me (azlyrics. com). What these lyrics are basically give tongue to is that he can see that everyone around him is acting wish well something that there not. Then he says that he doesnt want to act like everyone else and not know who he is but he just wants to be himself and live life the way he wants to. The next topic that is a good place to find out the meaning of life is the seminal minds of artist and there art incline.Art work is always a good place to find out the meaning of life because over again the artist have a message in there work hidden and you have to find what there saying. The only difference from music is instead of saying the message they paint the message in a form of image weather its a paining or its a sculpture. There is many ways that you can discover meaning of life. In some ways its not what you find the meaning of life in its more about what you perceive of the meaning of life. When you look at something like a painting or a song what do you think it is trying to say?Does it paint a picture in your head and what does that picture look like? I find that the topper way to see the meaning of life is threw movie. Movies are an image of the life that we live but it shows us the true meaning of life in a way that we can all understand. People are fraud when it comes to what makes them in this world. Hope is another one, if you dont have commit then you have nothing to look forward to so then what is the point of living. The main thought in a lot of movies are get busy living or get busy dieing.What this is suppose to mean is if your not spill to cast down living and doing all the things you want to complete in life you might as well start on dieing. That brings me to my next question. Is there a God? If there is, why did he put us here? Any Christian asked will say our sole purpose is to serve God. First of all, what does that even mean? And second, I must ask why? Why would a fey being place us strategically on this planet stringently to serve him? That sounds pretty selfish to me. There has to be something more. Something solid or something greater.How could there not be (brainpickings. org)? The meaning of life is very interlocking and you cant always pick up everything that its going to throw at you. Thats why movies, art and music in around so that other people who think about the topic more can show you there incite. If you listen and look at thoughts things you can learn things that will show you what the meaning of life is or at least what you can do to get started on living your life. I believe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. Throughout my entire life, I have wondered what the purpose is.Why am I and every other human being even on this planet in the first place (think truthfulnow. com)? All my life I have worked hard to suc ceed. I have challenged myself and fought to do better than my best. Why? I asked myself. Why stress so much when Im only going to die in the end? Pessimistic, I know. Finally, I thought, maybe the meaning of life doesnt have to be so complex. Maybe the meaning of life is whatever we want it to be. Maybe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. I do what I do because I want to do it. Its that simple. I do it because it means something to me.Everyone bring ins their own meaning to life. The meaning of life is never universal. The meaning of life is never complex. The meaning of life is actually quite simple to think about. Many people help the needy. Others play sports. Both activities add meaning to those lives involved. Purposes change, but the overall meaning of life will always stay the same. The meaning of life is simply to give life a meaning. This I believe. Reference Degraw, G. (2009). I Dont Wanna Be. Retrived December 31, 2012, from AZ Lyrics website http//www. azlyr ics. com/lyrics/gavindegraw/idontwanttobe. html Calmus, A.(1946). The Strangers. New York, NY Vintage Books Brian, M. (2011). The Meaning of Life. Retrieved January 1, 2013, from Deciding To Be break up website http//d2bb. org/meaning-of-life. htm Popova, M. (2012). Charles Bukowski, Arthur C. Clarke, Annie Dillard, John Cage, and Others on the Meaning of Life. Retrieved December 28, 2012, from Brain Pickings website http//www. brainpickings. org/index. php/2012/09/17/the-meaning-of-life/ Su, T. (2011). What Is The Meaning Of Life. Retrieved December 28, 2012, from Think Simple Now website http//thinksimplenow. com/happiness/what-is-the-meaning-of-life/.

Religious groups in Mediterranean in 900 a. d.

The representative sample is Spain, a Mediterranean country. Mediterranean World, by and large, had gone through many inter- phantasmal wars and convulsions, until for a change a time of sterling(prenominal) glory arrived in the Middle Ages. During this period, the Moslems and Christians were able to abide in peace and harmony. This resulted in the practice of cosmopolitan culture, and people of some(prenominal) the religions lived in mutual trust creating unique blend of Western Civilization, where in the contri just nowion both the Christianity (Western) and Islam was more or less equal.Notwithstanding the dominance of the Muslims (Islam), religious harmony was the hallmark of the era. But the peaceful situation did not hold for eagle-eyed. Arabic (related to Islam) was the primary language of cultural preservation and socio-spiritual senesce during 800 a. d. in the Mediterranean history. In the initial stages, the language and religion (Islam) were imposed on the people. Th e impact of Islam was greatest during this speed of light. It remained so between the s heretoforeth and 13th centuries. either religion is linked or associated with a particular language the likes of Arabic to IslamThe language prospers means the concerned religion thrives and vice versa. During the command of Arabic language, Hebrew and Latin had also an important roles to play. They were clerical languages. At the same time, Arabic, apart from being the clerical language, was the language of poetry and prose as well . The califal library in Islamic Cordoba alone held 4000 books -the librarians catalog held information on some 600,000 volumes. The laymen of Spain do not possess the knowledge of the immense contribution of the Muslim culture beyond the architectural remnants.But they celebrate with great pomp and fanfare the festival of the rout of the Muslim pirates. Notwithstanding the dominance of the Muslims (Islam), religious harmony was the hallmark of the era. To the e ighth century Muslims, Iberian Peninsula was the entry point. The emotional, physical and spiritual atmosphere was perfect. Cultural progress and constructive socio-spiritual activities were possible under such circumstances. Exquisite architectural masterpieces were strengthened and scholarly writing was encouraged, and this had a profound influence on the support in Mediterranean area and many other parts of the world, for centuries to come.This is the greatest contribution of Muslims to this region in 900 a. d. The Muslims who entered Iberia through the Gibraltar Strait in 711 discomfited the Visigoths and moved up to the Pyrenees and maintained their stay for several centuries. Finally, with the fall of Granada in 1492, the Muslim presence was ended by Christian forces from the north. The Muslim-led civilization of chivalrous Iberia, a. k. a. Al-Andalus made many noteworthy contributions to humanity. The influence of Islam that began in the early 7th Century continued till t he 11thcentury.The greatness of this civilization and the dominance of Arabic language have been highlighted by many scholars in their works. There were scholars who worked completely on copying Quran. That was not the era of the printing press. Book revere was the dominant quality of the Islamic polity. The Islamic Rulers encouraged building book-treasurers. So, Islam feature with Arabic language had profound influence in Spain and on the Mediterranean world during 900 a. d. It is pertinent to note here, what happened in 800 a. d. would contribute to the subsequent developments in 900 a. d. onwards. It was a period of positive and negative developments.The constitution of the new pudding stone sealed the break between the West and the East. It perhaps gave the West a new Roman Empire. Muslims incursions began to take place with more intensity crosswise the Mediterranean, and they did not hesitate to impose their language and religion on the humans of the conquered territory. T rade across the Mediterranean came to a standstill and the ports, through which the switch arrived, were deserted with no commercial activity. The sea was no longer a safe route for commerce, because chaos prevailed all over the interior Mediterranean region initially.Due to the blue pressure put by the invading Islamic outfits, Western Christian Civilization moved north. This resulted in the suspension of the affaire with eastern, Byzantine Christianity. Over a period, they developed and formed into two apparent Christian groups. The common identity was lost. This situation worked to the advantage of Islam in the long run because their religious enemies stood divided. Their hold and influence on the Mediterranean became even stronger. In this process, the replacement of Christianity of the southern and western Mediterranean areas by Islamic outfits had a catastrophic effect on Europe.In certain areas, a dark-skinned tax system was introduced to promote Islam. Additional taxes were imposed on Christians, but those who embraced Islam, were exempted. The religious persecution became order of the day. So the factors that contributed to the Muslim ascendancy were patronage by the rulers for this religion, religious persecution for subjects practicing other religions, encouragement to literature in Arabic language, relentless pressure of the invading Islamic outfits on the people of Spain and the Mediterranean region.

Write a Debate Speech in Support of Advertisements

Write a debate oral communication in support of advertisements. Mr. Chair slice, honorable judges, my most worthy opponents and everyone else present present today. Good afternoon. Before I begin on my main points, I would like to express my disagreement with one of the points expressed by the hypnotism squad. The second speaker for the proposition said that advertisements cause people to notice subverting low-quality goods. Now, I feel that people generally are not so naive.Even the members of the proposition team stick been able to note the conf utilize tricks and so-called brain washing maneuver. So, the tricks havent worked, have they? Actually, few of the usual purchases that we buy are heavily advertised on television or anyplace else for that matter. For example, do you choose the most highly advertised tissue root word or toilet paper? At most, we would try a lots advertised growth only because it was something stark naked. Take the Cherry Coke advertisements. Its publicizing mode probably fits all the descriptions make by the proposition team member.However, how some of us were so influenced by these advertisements that he or she has started to suck the beverage weekly, or flat monthly? Now for my first point, I would like to state the benefits of advertisements from the economic side. Advertisements ignore help companies to introduce their current products to the market. If the companies are not able to inform the public about their new products, they will not have the confidence to try to produce it. It is requisite that advertisements play a crucial role in increasing a companys sales.This may sound capitalistic, exclusively we must remember the importance of these factories to the nation. With the adjoin in sales, the company screw afford to give better consecrate to the workers and offer more jobs. Now, another point is that it is only with proper circulation of the products made possible by advertising that the companies are able to mass-produce their products. cud production is more economical and allows the producers to lower the price of these goods As a result, consumers cease purchase these goods at reasonable prices.As you can see, millions of consumers benefit because of advertisements. Thirdly, industries can in like manner greatly contribute to the expansion of a company from regional to international status. Let me give a real example. One man started a small and humble cottage assiduity of jeans-making. Because of its increasing popularity through advertising, this industry gradually weaved its way into the market until it started to prosper. From a cottage industry, this industry grew into an international company known by both the young and old.The throw of this brand of jeans is none other than Levis. This company was able to grow receivable to advertisements, creating job opportunities for millions of people, not only in America but also in Levis factories in Indonesia, the Philip pines and other third world countries. Fourthly, advertisements of the latest engineering science and inventions are also beneficial for the consumers, for it means they can find the amend kind of product for themselves easily and quickly. Here is another real-life case.My grandmother used to have too many lizards crawling around her house and she is paranoiac about them. Then, one day, she saw the advertisement for a lizard atomizer that can paralyze lizards temporarily. End of lizard problem. How could my dear grandma have found out about such a strange but useful product without advertisements? Jokes aside, through reading the advertisements in newspapers or magazines, many people find just the product required to take dread of their particular problem.Estate managers can find out about the right fertiliser or pesticide computer owners can find the best software doctors can find out about the latest medications. Imagine all the bait one must go through to find out the produ ct one needs amongst the rapidly expanding array of products and inventions available, without advertisements. Why, one would have to ring just about every shop in town Nowadays, we can just flip open a newspaper or even the Yellow Pages. See how advertisements have been such a blessing

Gladiator Powerplay Essay

Gladiator is a ask ab aside Maximus, a roman general who was to be the next emperor, come through Aurelius. Aurelius son Commodus rushs angry and jealous at the fact that he was not chosen by his father to be next in line. He then proceeds to kill his father and orders Maximus to be killed. Maximus flees but finds out that his family has been kill. He later gets enslaved and becomes a gladiator, where he trains under future who as well as was a former gladiator. He then starts a journey to get the peoples billet and to gain revenge over the person who killed his own family (Commodus). purplish or political power play * Maximus has to gain the trust and power from the general public * Commodus is jealous that he did not get picked as the next emperor * Maximus is shown as being fearless which makes the crowd analogous him even more than * Maximus has nothing to lose, so Commodus cant do any more damage to his public image * Maximus was shown to be a noble and powerful Roman g eneralPower play in relationships * Maximus and Commodus has a strong tension to show each other who has more power * Commodus and Aurelius had a bitter relationship and ended in Commodus murdering Aurelius * Maximus and Proximo where Maximus had learnt to become a fearless gladiator * Commoduss guards and Proximo, where Proximo gets murdered * The People and Commodus

Culture diversity Essay

Increasingly today, slew jazz into regular tint with individuals from different cultures and its important to learn to talk with people who may not sh be a common language, background, and/or worldview. Each of us participates in at least one culture, and most of us are products of several cultures Being aware of our own culture and background is genuinely important as it helps us understand how we are shaped by what we have experienced.Even within cultures, we all have different attitudes and beliefs establish on our experiences and this will impact on the way we relate to people both professionally and in our personal life. Learning to value diversity, to rick conscious of our ways of relating to each other and their ways of relating to us, does not come easily to most of us nor is it something that can be imposed from the outside.In Valuing Relationship (1995), Lewis Brown Griggs sums the interrelationship of knowing ourselves and establishing relationship with others as fo llows Knowing myself is what allows me to know, understand, and value the diversity of others so that I can build trust with them. With more trust comes the ability to communicate more clearly, to occupation solve and network more effectively, and to realize the value of synergistic relationships and fur-bearing interdependency. Together, investing in my relationship with myself and enhancing my relationship with others are important restitution policies against lost opportunities. (page 210)Griggs, L. B. (1995). Valuing Relationship The Heart of Valuing Diversity. In L. B. Griggs & L. L. Louw (Eds.), Valuing Diversity New Tools for a New Reality. McGraw Hill, Inc New York.

Within the Context of 1789-1890, Was the Unification of Germany a Result of Economic, Political or Military Forces?

Numerous computes fork up wind to the progressive do of import of a co-ordinated Germany by 1871 such ciphers are fundament altogethery related to frugal, insurance policy-making or multitude origins. To accurately understand the reasoning behind the coalition, virtuoso(a) must(prenominal) look at the history preceding it The after-effects of the dissolution of the sanctum sanctorum Roman conglomerate The significance of the French conversions and pileic Wars on Germanic issue identity the degradation of Austrias national power the launching of the Zollverein in 1834 and the Prussian stinting superiority that followed in supplement to the industrialisation of the German states all contribute towards economic and policy-making factors relating to the organisation of a unified Germany under Prussias direction.Military factors contributing towards the trades union of Germany entangle the defeat and exile of short sleep Bonaparte Otto Von capital of North Dako tas contrary policy based strongly around realpolitik the significance of the newborn sham host on Prussias military prominence in addition to the conclusive Franco-Prussian war. The Germanic region is immersed in a fecund heathen heritage extending back, at bottom the context of recorded history to a wild, untamed land coupled with the indomitable spirit of the indigenous muckle who populated it.Numerous tribes took residence deep down Germania including but not special(a) to the Saxons, Franks and Chatti. Several centuries on, the Frankish territories within Germania had spread across the Central europiuman landmass under the tactical prowess of Charlemagne to encompass large split of Western Europe and Northern Italy, thus unioniseing Teutonicorum or Germanic landed estate. This freshly formed empire was later consolidated by Otto the slap-up to travel the Blessed Roman Empire and is considered by numerous historians as the fundamental law of the First Reich.Th e period from 936 C. E onwards saw the come on expansion and consolidation of the Holy Roman Empires dominion this territory was however still rather localized to the Central European landmass. The conglomeratic personality of the Holy Roman Empires territory in addition to Otto the Greats ecclesiastical reformations and papal disputes provide a poignant appreciation to French philosopher Voltaires phrase (1)This agglomeration which was called and which still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.Nevertheless, the Holy Roman Empire laid immeasurable foundations in the construction of a modern Germanic national identity this national construct was however built on by the shared linguistic and cultural background of the denizens of Central Europe and as such, the importance of this rich heritage in the creation of a unified Germany must not be neglected. Analysis must be made in instal to quantify the involvement economics compete in the unity of the German states.The main economic impact on the Germanic states pre-1834 was the French variation and subsequent forty winksic Wars, the French Revolution in particular stemmed partly from an economic crisis based in France although providing unseen benefits that later amalgamated into the creation of a unified Germany, the wars were passing taxing on the German states, such an economic drain arguably perpetuated the view that the German states would be unquestionably stronger if they were unified economically with affection to the possible effect of a future surge of French imperialism.After the creation of the German Confederation via the Congress of Vienna, inter-state spate began to increase but was in earnest limited by individual state tolls on goods passing by their respective territories, as such Prussia introduced the Trade Reform Act 1818 which in effect removed intrinsic customs tariffs boosting internal trade massively. From this sphere of economic in fluence, neighbouring states began to adopt a similar tariff system in the s dashs of long-term economic growth. This indoctrination of sorts paved the means for the rapid economic education of the states that had adopted Prussias tariff system. non only did this economic revolution increase the wealth of the states that adopted it, it likewise laid the foundations for an economic national identity which became synonymous with interstate politics. The increased policy-making involvement between states can only be looked at positively when attributing its involvement in the creation of a unified Germany, with such involvement taking place, it is discernible that the German Confederation was already beginning to function as a star entity. With the boost in economic co-operation came a degree of cultural integration as a case of the increased inter-state involvement.It can certainly be argued that the introduction of the Trade Reform Act and the payoffing economic co-operation contributed to the formation of a unified Germany. The positive effects of the newfound increased economic co-operation were set ahead exemplified by the introduction of the Zollverein in 1834. The Zollvereins influence kick upstairsed a national identity, some(prenominal) through the solid participation of the constituent states of the German Confederation and monuments under which nuclear fusion could prosper such as the customs-parliament and the formation of a g everywherening body of the economic aspects of the German Confederation.The synonymous nature of economics and politics meant that it was only a matter of epoch in front the latter was formalize just as the economic union of states had been formalized by the Zollverein. With the Zollverein came a rapid increase in foreign trade which bolstered the confederations economic armoury as a settlement of commercial treaties with Holland, Britain and Belgium.Not only did this bolster the Prussian-dominated Zollvereins c offers, it paved the way for a diplomaticalalalal stability with the nations the fact that it is arguable that the studyity of the states within the German Confederation were interested in international traffic is elevate indicative of the collective will of the Germanic states to be unified. A further benefit towards conjugation that the Zollverein brought was the industrialisation of the German states as a turn out of the increased trade and wealth that the Zollverein had provided this industrialisation emerged primarily with the introduction of the railways.Not only did the railways further bolster trade and facultyen the bond that the Zollverein had provided for the German states, it removed a large portion of pre-existing inter-state cultural segregation and local prejudice as a result of the increased well-disposed and cultural contact made available by the addition of the railways to the German Confederations transport system. An additional economic aspect that must not be neglected is the effect the Zollverein had on Prussias main impact for trade union Austria.Due to the fact that the Zollverein was fundamentally born from the Prussian womb as a result of previous success of the tariff Reform Act, it allowed Prussia to refuse entrance of the Zollverein to Austria despite trinity arguably activated attempts to join in 1852, 1853 and 1862. This further weakened Austrias secure all over the German Confederation and as a result, it became more apparent that Prussia was to control a unified Germany. The fact that one nation had clear authorisation within the German Confederation provided a rallying point for German states under a Prussian banner and furthitherd the now Prussian-biased ideology of German dualism.It is also possible to consider that the German states whitethorn have apply the example of Prussian economic solidarity and political ascendence as a justification for a Prussian-lead unified Germany. In contrast, Lombardy was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy during 1859 as a result of the Second Italian War of independence, further weakening Austrias economic military posture delinquent to the fact that Lombardy was a significant Austrian trade hub in addition, this led to the defeat of the Hapsburg family. The war was a throttle valve for liberalism/ nationalism.From a political point of view, it can be said that political activities both(prenominal) intrinsic to the German states and extrinsic such as political ideological revolutions across Europe contributed to the fusion of Germany. The political effects Napoleon exercised on the Germanic states and their relevance to German unification almost a atomic number 6 later must be appreciated in pitch to properly understand the political basis for unification. A principle factor was the continuation of the War of the Second Coalition and the subsequent Peace of Luneville.Although ab initio en great powerd to allow easier management of German terr itories, it can be argued that Napoleon had unknowingly paved the way for German nationalism. German nationalism was further exemplified by the martyr Friedrich Staps(2) his attempt on Napoleons living and subsequent refusal to denounce his will to assassinate Napoleon after cosmos asked by Napoleon whether he would thank him if he was pardoned became a pharos of unification and furthered the German superpatriotic identity he was quoted as facial expression Long live freedomLong live Germany before creation penalize by firing squad. The fact that an attempt on Napoleons life was made in the low gear place is strongly indicative of an inherent nationalist awareness and disagreement with French hegemony collating to form a strong will for unification under a single identity. The Congress of Vienna was a further spoke in the rotate of unification.Although initially intended to reconsolidate existing Germanic states and quash nationalist views, the German Confederation was for med which can be considered a major footstep towards unification this further amalgamated German states and as a result of the denomination of the states under a single name, caused political arguments over who should rule the confederation.Although political tensions were fierce between Prussia and Austria, it can be considered positive that there was a title of ruler of the German Confederation to quarrel over at all this is highly apocalyptical that most German states had unification to some degree blueprintned or had at least considered it by 1820. What the Congress of Vienna did not take into account however was the ripening economic power and ambition of Prussia.The Zollverein further reinforced Prussias political influence over the majority of states within the German Confederacy and move to isolate Austria Prussias main contender for the crown of unification payable to the lack of inclusion within the Zollverein. In addition to Austrias decline political influence as a result of the Zollverein, Prince von Metternichs giving up in 1848 brought an end to Austrias largely protectionist policy and allowed for a act nationalist view with Prussia firmly stopd to unify Germany.This nationalist will to become a single nation is back up by Heinrich von Treitschke, a German nationalist historians statement (3)Every virile volume has established colonial power. All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands and those who fail to embark in this great rivalry will play a poor role in time to come. From a nationalist point of view, it is suggestive of the yearning that citizens of the German states had to be a part of the new macrocosm that was forming as a unified identity.As a result of the retrogression Austria was experiencing, Frederick William IV of Prussia took control of German Confederacy affairs and called the Frankfurt guinea pig Assembly. Although the assembly was hugely biased to wards the nitty-gritty class populace, boasting 325 middle class delegates and only 5 of a working class background, it was not the fact that it was unsuccessful, it was the fact that delegates from the Germanic peoples met at all.Although Frederick William IV declined the crown chiefly due to opposition from the other(a) German princes in addition to reach relations with Austria and Russia, he quickly summoned the German princes to Erfurt to create a plan to unite Germany. The activities that transpired during the Frankfurt National Assembly indicated a step apart from autocracy and a step towards a constitutional monarchy, suggestive that a unified Germany was imminent.Perhaps the greatest political influence on the unification of Germany was Otto von von Bismarck. He has been described by William Carr as (4) a giant among pigmies due to his political and diplomatic influence. Bismarck was appointment as Minister chairman of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1862 and had a profound effect on nationalism and the foreign policy of the German Confederation. Bismarcks progressive interior(prenominal) policy can be considered a great stepping stone towards unification. wizard such subjectively important whole step Bismarck took was the secularization of the Klein Deutschland via the may Laws these laws helped delegate power to the state therefore strengthening the Reichs position within party. A principle factor of the May Laws relating to the proceed unification of Germany was the states newfound governance of education over the Catholic Church this helped promote modernist ideas to the future German population, thus allowing Germanys continued survival in a progressive world post-industrial revolution.Additionally, Bismarcks social welfare reforms further strengthen the fabric of the new society that was beginning to flourish. The introduction of sick pay in 1883 and pensions in 1889 helped snuff out the large socialist unrest which can be said to have he lped towards the social stability of the nation. Bismarcks foreign policy also provided a basis for the unification of Germany. Bismarck took a strong political stance of diplomatic isolation and pacification.Bismarcks primary cultivate diplomatically was to maintain good relations with Russia and Austria and prevent a Franco-Russian adherence through the League of the Three Emperors as Bismarck realised that if diplomatic relations broke down with Russia, there was a strong possibility that Germany could be hit from both the Eastern and Western fronts. Bismarck hold a three against two diplomatic philosophy he is quoted as saying (5) you forget the importance of being a party of three on the European chessboard. The foreign policy Bismarck engaged enabled the diplomatic isolation and subsequent defeat of both France and Austria, the two main barriers rest in the way of a unified Germany. Following the unification, Bismarck employed a clever aggressive diplomatic move in the spectre of the Congress of Berlins negative effects on relations with Russia. A dual alliance was formed with Austria in 1879 in order to both coerce Russia into seeking a closer diplomatic relationship with Germany and to secure Germanys southern border in the event of a diplomatic breakdown with Russia.This was a very wise move on Bismarcks part as it further pacified a real affright to Germanys continuity. A further show of Bismarcks diplomatic engineering unveiled itself in light of the Spanish revolution As a result of the uprisings, the throne of Spain became available. Tensions between France and Prussia had escalated beyond all measure as a result of an offer to a German Prince to take up the throne and war was declared between France and Prussia as a result.The diplomatic supremacy portrayed by Bismarck aided greatly in the provocation of a Franco-Prussian war and as a result of the French defeat, aided greatly in the unification of Germany with one of its major enemies de feated. The Napoleonic wars and the resulting military encounters may be looked upon as a particle accelerator for the unification of Germany, a commonplace wartime enemy gave the citizens of the German states a common goal which cumulated with the significant Prussian role within the Battle of Waterloo and the politesse shown by Gebhard von Bluchers troops.The German revolutions of 1848 may be considered a military catalyst towards German unification. During the revolutions, Austria was mainly preoccupied with the First Italian War of Independence this coupled with Prussias newfound superiority within the German Confederation meant that the German states relied upon Prussia to assist with the uprisings, this reliance further strengthened the political role Prussia played within the German Confederation and took the states one step closer to unification under a Prussian banner.The first major military effect on the unification of Germany came with the realisation in 1859 that the Prussian multitude was ineffectively trained and archaic, Albert von Roon, war minister of Prussia proposed the Army Bill of 1860. It planned to substantially increase the size of the Prussian legions and improve its equipment furthermore, national service was to be extended. The bill was passed by Bismarck in 1862 contrary to liberal opposition and hence the New Model Army was created.Despite continuous liberal opposition to Bismarcks policies, as a result of the success his policies had, liberal support for him did grow. This is supported by the American historian Peter Viereck (6) The liberal university professors, Metternichs fiercest foes and now so prominent in 1848, were often far from the cloudy idealists pictured in our textbooks. From his own viewpoint, Bismarck erred in mocking their lack of Realpolitik. The majority as more Bismarckian than Bismarck ever realized. Many liberals later became starring(p) propagandists for Bismarck, along with the new National Liberal P arty, Danish annexation of Schleswig brought the modernized German army to life and in February 1864, a combined Prussian and Austrian force crossed the Danish border into Schleswig. The Danish army consisted of around 40,000 troops and was swept away by a force superior in numbers, equipment and tactics.The Second Schleswig War accumulated into a success for Prussian and Austrian forces, resulting in the re-annexation of Schleswig and the acquisition of the duchy of Holstein for both nations. This military move allowed Prussia to re-affirm its dominance and perpetuated to the German states that it was capable of defending its territories if provoked this furthered nationalist views within the German states and contributed towards a unilateral notion that Prussia was able to lead a unified Germany.A further military factor of unification displayed by Prussia was the Austrian-Prussian war in 1866 through Bismarcks diplomatic puppeteering, Austria declared war on Prussia. Austria was quickly isolated diplomatically and militarily. This isolation coupled with the Italian mobilization for the Third Italian War of Independence meant that Prussia had hit Austria at its weakest Austria was quickly overwhelmed resulting in the loss of a spine in Germanys side.In addition to this, Austrian influence on German states waned due to both the defeat itself and that it became apparent that was unable to reduce on the affairs relating to German states. This further solidified Prussias hold over both the states themselves and the Zollverein. Austrias defeat also resulted in the further diplomatic isolation of France which would later aid Prussia in the Franco-Prussian war and lick the path to unification more straightforward.By 1870, Prussian dominance was fat across the German states, primarily as a result of the Prussian show of military force in the Second Schleswig War and then the Austrian-Prussian War. The interstate alliances that were formed meant that any Europ ean aggression on a German state would result in action being interpreted from all German states allied with Prussia, it was apparent from such diplomatic relations that the German states were at this point a pseudo-nation of sorts.As a result of the diplomatic breakdown over the Spanish crown, War was declared by France on Prussia in the summer of 1870. Napoleon ternary decided to boot a strategy similar to his uncles strategy several decades agone however, the war was soon lost as a result of the unified German states being able to co-ordinate in addition to the Prussian military might resulting from the earlier Army Bill of 1860 in addition to the experience it had gained from the Schleswig-Holstein conflict and the Austrian-Prussian War. The British historian A. J.P Taylor summarized Napoleon IIIs failure to take into account a key factor of his strategy (7) Like most of those who study history, he (Napoleon III) learned from the mistakes of the former(prenominal) how to make new ones. The importance of the military must not be neglected when considering the factors relating to the unification of Germany. The seeds of nationalism were planted at the turn of the nineteenth one C as a result of the Napoleonic Wars. Military action formed a cornerstone of Bismarcks foreign policy which subsequently can be considered a key piece of the unification.As a result of the modernization of the Prussian army, it was able to exert its dominance over both Denmark and Austria the main contender to unify Germany and a serious opponent of the militaristic manner in which Bismarck was conducting in order to do so. Prussia was also able to eliminate France as the main rival to the formation of a unified Germany and prosper from the post-war reparations that France had been forced to pay both financially and in terms of territory thus aiding the continuity of the newly formed Germany.To conclude, it may not be accurate to attribute the unification solely, or even prima rily to one set of factors but to a broad spectrum, each with their own significance, relevance and effect on other factors, for example the Franco-Prussian war may not have resulted in a victory for Prussia had the Army Bill of 1860 not have been passed, nor would Prussian economic dominance be exerted in the later 19th century if the Zollverein had not been introduced in 1834 and as a result, Prussia may not have had the bills to introduce the Army Bill in the first place, this is testament to the supposition that the economic, political and military factors relating to the unification of Germany are linked and as such, a denomination cannot be made towards the prevalence of one but indeed the combined significance of all of these factors. These interwoven strands of fate may be recognised by the Borussian Myth, a theory perpetuated by 19th century nationalist German historians such as Heinrich von Treitschke and Theodor Mommsen. The Borussian Myth states that German unification was inevitable it is based off a teleological argument which suggests that all factors of an event are directed toward a final outcome. This theory is contrasted by post World War II historians searching through the present(prenominal) German past in order to better understand the understructure causes of World War II.It was progressively realised that Prussia was not the centre of German culture as suggested by the German nationalist historians of the 19th century and that 19th century German history wasnt entirely centred on Prussian success attributed to accumulative fate but a time of great social, economic and cultural change for the German states. Although the Borussian Myth may be flawed by nationalist bias, the linked significance of the factors relating to the unification of Germany does suggest that Prussia was destined to unify Germany to some extent. Nevertheless, the unification of Germany cannot be attributed to one set of factors, but a precise combination of all f actors executed with crucial timing whether intentional or not, sprinkled with a dash of luck.