Poisoning In The Home Environmental Sciences Essay

toxi send packingting In The Home environmental Sciences assayUnintentional or accidental prostituteful condition is a signifi earth-closett planetary earth health problem. In 2004, an estimated 346000 people died world gigantic from unintentional tipsiness.1This appears to be an important health threat as it has crucial implications of costs and electric potential years of life lost. There ar various categories of substances that may cuts to drunkenness and children be usually at greater risk due to developmental incompetencies and their dependence on adults for their fear and comfortably-being.2According to the report from National Poison Centre(NPC) of Malaysia, a total of 929 cases of poison motion picture inquiries were handled by NPC from the years 1996 to 2000. The years and gender distri preciselyions atomic frame 18 shown in table 1 implicating children younger than 9 years old has the highest incidence of exposure to poisonous substances. As for gender, a male predominance was noted by means ofout the five year period.3C drawionrscmhPicturesScreenShot159.bmpTable 1 Age and gender distributions of poisoned patients from 1996 to 2000Some common substances regard in drunkenness cases atomic number 18 curseicides, medicines, ho single-valued functionhold crossroads, detergents and feed. From the statistics, it dismiss be cerebrate that pesticides is the most common substance that trinitys to tipsiness followed by pharmaceuticals and household reapings.3 Thus, c ar must be taken specially at home to avoid exposure to these poisonous substances.CUserscmhPicturesScreenShot160.bmpTable 2 Distribution of categories of substances regard in poisonings1996 to 2000Throughout the years, in that respect was an increasing trend in the physique of poison exposure as shown in Figure 1. The number of poisoning cases showed an increase with an average of 611 enquiries per year. Distributions of poisoning cases be almost the same with the forward years, with the majority cases involving agro chemic substances and followed by pharmaceuticals and household chemicals.2Figure 1 Number of poisoning cases in Malaysia from year 2001 to 2005PesticidesThere argon a wide transmutation of tools available for pest control in residential milieus, including the use of chemical pesticides as well as various non-chemical techniques. Broadly defined, a pesticide is any(prenominal) substance or mixture of substances intended to kill, repel, or control real manikins of plant or wolf life that argon considered to be pests. 4 Pests be living existences that bformer(a), injure, or front defame to buildings, plants, benevolents, and animals, including pets. 4, 5 Pesticide is used in public health to kill vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture, to kill pests that injury crops. 4There are various style to classified pesticides for instant it goat be categorized by the types of pests it control, the c hemical composition of the pesticides, or by hazard of the pesticides. 5, 6 The most common method of classification would be check to the chemical composition of the pesticides itself as diverse pesticides may be cool of different chemical compound. The chemical category of pesticides includes organo centilitre, organophosphate, carbamate, synthetic pyrethroids, in thoroughgoing, organic (botanical and microbial), and in conclusion the miscellaneous. 6 All of these chemical compound works in different routes in controlling pest as different chemicals may excite different mechanism of action.Organochlorine (OC)Figure 2. Chemical structure of organochlorine 7Organochlorine pesticides are hydrocarbon compounds containing multiple chlorine substitutions. There are four main types of OC pesticides dichlorodiphenylethanes cyclodienes chlorinated benzenes and cyclohexanes. All share a similar pair of carbon rings, one ring being hard chlorinated. They are the synthetic organic pesti cides that are earliest disc eachplaceed and used. Their characteristics are kind-spectrum, keen-sighted residual prepare and relatively low toxicity. However, due to their immutable chemical nature, they are hard to break down in the inseparable environment. Prolonged use in titanic quantities provide slow lead to environmental pollution and accumulation in mammals, resulting in cumulative poisoning or damage. Organochlorine pesticides are therefore banned under general set and gradually replaced by some other pesticides. 7OrganophosphateFigure 3. Chemical structure of organophosphate 8Organophosphate pesticides are synthetic in origin and are normally esters, amides, or thiol derivatives of phosphoric, phosphonic, phosphorothioic, or phosphonothioic acids. They are characterised by their multiple functions and the capacity of controlling a broad spectrum of pests. Organophosphate pesticides (as well as sarin andVX meat agent) irreversibly inactivate acetylcholinesterase , which is necessary to nerve function in plant louses, humans, and many other animals. They are nerve poisons that apprise be used not only as allow poison but withal as touching poison and fumigant. These pesticides are also biodegradable, start out minimum environmental pollution and slow pest resistance. Temephos and F enitrothion are examples of organophosphate pesticides. 8CarbamateFigure 4. Chemical structure of carbamate 9Carbamatesareorganic compoundsderived fromcarbamic acid(NH2COOH). A carbamate group, carbamateester, and carbamic acids arefunctional groupsthat are inter-related structurally and a great deal are interconverted chemically. Carbamate esters are also calledurethanes. Carbamate pesticides work on the same article of faith as organophosphate pesticides by affecting the transmission of nerve signals resulting in the stopping point of the pest by poisoning. They can be used as tolerate and contact poisons as well as fumigant. much everywhere, as the ir molecular structures are largely similar to that of natural organic substances, they can be debauched easily in a natural manner with minimum environmental pollution. Propoxur is an example of carbamate pesticides.9Synthetic pyrethroidsFigure 5. Chemical structure of synthetic pyrethroids 10Synthetic-pyrethroid pesticides are a pesticide synthesized by imitating the structure of natural pyrethrins, which are taken from pyrethrum, the oleoresin state of dried chrysanthemum fertilizeers. The insecticidal properties of pyrethrins are derived from ketoalcoholic esters of chrysanthemic acid and pyrethroic acid. They areaxonicpoisons and causeparalysisof an organism by keeping thesodium channelsopen in the neuronic membranes. The sodium channel is amembrane proteinwith ahydrophilic midland. This interior is a tiny hole which is shaped precisely to strip forward the partially charged water molecules from a sodium ion and create a favorable way for sodium ions to pass through the me mbrane, enter the axon, and permeate anaction potential. When the toxin keeps the channels in their open state, the nerves cannot de-excite, so the organism is paralyzed. They are comparatively more stable with longer residual cause than natural pyrethrins. Synthetic-pyrethroid pesticides are highly toxic to insects but of only brush aside toxicity to mammals. A llethrin and Permethrin are examples of synthetic-pyrethroid pesticides. 10Inorganic pesticideInorganic pesticide refers to compounds that include expectant metals such as arsenic, copper sulfates, lead, cadmium, and hectogram. They do not degrade readily and persist long in the system. arsenous anhydrideworks by coagulates proteins, form complexes with coenzymes which is thus inhibits the fruition of ATP. Like cadmium and mercury, it can substitute for phosphoric in some biochemical processes. Mercuryhas a strong analogy for sulfhydryl groups (SH) in proteins, enzymes, hemoglobin and serum albumin. The Central Ne rvous system is alter by damage to the blood-brain barrier transfer of metabolites such as amino group acids in the brain is not properly regulated. compact diskaffects enzymes responsible for the reabsorption of proteins in kidney tubules. It also affects the functioning of enzymes such as ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase). Cadmium is substituted for zinc as both metals are similar in solution. Arsenic was commonly used as arsenic trioxide (As2O3) or arsenous acid and mercury as mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Inorganic pesticides were often used in powder, paste, or dip form. The pesticide residue stays on the object and continues to be an in effect(p) insect killer for a long time. 11Organic pesticideOrganic pesticides are carbon-based compounds that include pesticides such as Naphthalene and Paradichlorobenzene (PDB), dickens chemicals commonly known as mothballs. Naphthalene and PDB are applied as a solid (in mothball and act form) and sublimate, acting as a fumigant. The fumes from these materials kill insects and work go around in tightly closed spaces. The pesticide residue is expected to evaporate oer time. Old collections often smell of these pesticides and it is not clearly understood how long it takes for the chemicals to completely sublimate in the museum environment. 12 multilateralThere are wide variety of commercial product of miscellaneous pesticides including 4-Aminipyridine, calcium cyanamide, creosote, endothall, metakdehyde, and sodium chlorate. 4-aminopyridine is a highly toxic white powder used as a bird repellent. It works by making one or ii birds acutely ill, thus warning off the remaining birds by cries of dostress.it is toxic to vertebrates. Calcium cynamide compound into soil to serve as fertilizer, fungicide, and herbicides. Creosote is extensively used as a wood preservatives, usually by aggressive impregnation of lumber.it has also been used as an animal dip and distaintant. Endothall can act as the free acid or as sodium, potass ium, or amine salts. It is used as a contact herbicide, defoliant, aquatic herbicide, and algaecide. Methaldehyde is a four-unit cyclic polymer of acetaldehyde which has long been used to kill slug and snails, which attracted to it without the use of bait. Sodium chlorate is used in agriculture as a defoliant, nonselective contact herbicide, and semi-permanent soil sterilant. 13Pesticides Classified by Chemical CategoryCategoryExamplesOrganochlorines*Aldrin, chlordane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneOrganophosphateschlorpyrifos (Dursban), diazinon, acephate (Orthene), malathionCarbamatescarbaryl (Sevin), propoxur (Baygon)Synthetic pyrethroidspermethrin, resmethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrinInorganicboric acid, chlorates, cryolite, diatomaceous earth, silica aerogel, chromated copper arsenate (CCA)Organic (botanical)garlic, limonene, neem, nicotine, pyrethrum, rotenone, ryania, sabadillaMiscellaneousHorticultural oils, insect growth regulators, insecticidal soaps, insect pheromonesTab le 3. Major chemical classes of pesticidesType of PesticideActivityAlgaecidesControl algae in bodies of water, including swimming pools.Antimicrobials exceed microorganisms that produce diseaseAttractantsAttract specific pests victimisation natural insect chemicals called pheromones that confuse the mating behavior of insects.AvicidesControl pest birds.BiopesticidesNaturally occurring substances with pesticidal properties.Defoliants puddle foliage to drop from a plant, typically to aid in the harvest-tide process.DesiccantsAid in the drying process of plants or insects, usually for laboratory purposes.Fumigants pay off vapors or gases to control air- or soilborne insects and diseases.FungicidesDestroy fungi that infect plants, animals, or people.HerbicidesControl noxious weeds and other vegetation that are growing or competing with a desired species.Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) despatch or retard the rate of growth of insects.InsecticidesControl or eliminate insects that affec t plants, animals, or people.Miticides (Acaricides) wipe out mites that live on plants, livestock, and people.MolluscicidesKill snails and slugs.NematicidesKill nematodes, which are microscopic wormlike organisms that live in the soil and cause damage to food crops.OvicidesControl insect eggs through the diligence of low-sulfur petroleum oils to plants and animals.PiscicidesControl pest fish.Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)Accelerate or retard the rate of growth of a plant.PredacidesControl vertebrate pests. cutlentsRepel pests such as mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and fleas.RodenticidesControl mice, rats, and other rodents.Table 4. Types of pesticidesPesticide PoisoningPesticide poisoning occurs after exposure to pesticides. It may occur shortly after a single exposure (acute poisoning) or gradually after repeated exposures over a period of time (chronic poisoning).17Acute poisoning presents symptoms like headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea, blurred visi on, excessive eye watering, sweating and excessive saliva. More sedate case of acute poisoning may also lead to changes in heart rate, chest tightness, muscle weakness and twitching, difficulty lively and walking, constricted pupils and incontinence. In very severe case of acute poisoning, seizures and swoon may occur.17Chronic poisoning presents symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating and immortalize things, and generally feeling unwell.17The type of symptoms, how long they last and how severe they are may vary depending on factors such as the type and intentness of the pesticide used, the type and concentration of the pesticide used, the degree of exposure and the health and age of the soul exposed. Many of the potential symptoms are not specific to pesticide poisoning. They may be due to other conditions, such as illness or allergy.17 to the highest degree common pesticide poisoning Mechanism of action/toxicity and signs and symptomsTable 5 shows m ost common pesticide poisoning. It is classified according to the class of chemical chemical element contained in pesticide. It also shows mechanism of action or toxicity, sign and symptoms intercession of pesticide poisoning of to each one class.ClassMechanism ofaction/toxicitySigns and symptomsOrganophosphatesAcephate (Orthene)Chlorphoxim (Baythion-C)Chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban)DiazinonDimethoate (Cygon, DeFend)Ethoprop (Mocap)Fenitrothion (Sumithion)Fenthion (Baytex)Malathion (Cythion)Naled (Dibrome)Terbufos (Counter) subdue cholinesterase leading to excess acetylcholineCNS-anxiety, seizures, skeletal nerve-muscle junctions, autonomic ganglia-twitching, tachycardia, muscle weakness (nicotinic effects) fringy cholinergic neuroeffector junctions- all faucets on- sweating, salivation, diarrhea, tearing (muscarinic effects) miosis (pinpoint pupils) most commonly, but 15 percent have mydriasis secondary to epinephrine release from adrenals due to nicotinic receptor stimulation .CarbamatesCarbaryl (Sevin)Pirimicarb (Aphox, Rapid)Propoxur (Baygon)Timethacarb (Landrin)Other carbamatesReversible cholinesterase inhibition (carbamoyl- acetylcholinesterase AChE complex dissociates much more easily and quick than OP-AChE complex)Cholinergic crisis with all faucets on CNS depression with coma, seizures, hypotonicity in serious toxic exposuresOrganochlorinesChlorobenzilateDicofol (Kelthane)Dienochlor (Pentac)EndosulfanLindane (Kwell)Induction of hyperexcitable state in rudimentary and peripheral nervous system by disruption of normal flow of sodium and potassium across the axon membrane may rag GABA- mediated inhibition in CNS.Seizures, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, incoordination, tremor/twitching following local treatment for lice/scabies or accidental or intentional apply up of liquid pesticide.Pyrethrins/pyrethroidsAllethrinCyfluthrin (Baythroid)Cypermethrin (Barricade, Cymbush, Cynoff, Demon)DeltamethrinDimethrinFenothrinFenvalera tePermethrin (Ambush, Dragnet, Nix, Pounce)RemethrinPyrethrins are derived from chrysanthemums pyrethroids are synthetic compounds with longer half-lives both can produce toxic effects on the nervous system but are not well absorbed and are effectively and quickly detoxified by mammalian liver enzyme systems.The most severe symptoms are seizures, though highly uncommon unless highly exposed (usually through ingestion of large quantities) tremor, incoordination, salivation, vomiting topical exposure can produce short-term paresthesias, curiously of the hands and face a small portion of the population (1 to 3 percent) is allergic to pyrethrins/pyrethroids-resulting in symptoms ranging from nasal stuffiness to asthma.Bacillus thuringiensis miscellanea aizawai (Agree, Mattch)Variety israelensis (Aquabac, Skeetal)Variety kurstaki (Bactur, Dipel)Wide range of products derived from several varieties of this organism highly restrict effects on mammalian systems.Mild irritative pulmonary s ymptoms in some involved in manufacturing process, not in mixers or appliers a priori risk of respiratory infection in immunocompromised individuals single corneal ulceration reported, success beneficialy treated with standard antibiotics mild gastroenteritis with big(p) ingestion.RepellantsDiethyltoluamide- DEET (Muskol, Off, Skeeter Beater, Skeeter Cheater, Skintastic for Kids, others)Mechanism of toxicity unknown.CNS depression followed by seizures noble-minded unless applied excessively under occlusion mild skin peevish effects with repeated use corneal and mucosal irritation nausea and vomiting with ingestion and, rarely, hypotension, tachycardia with heavy dermal exposureTable 5 Most common pesticide poisoning Mechanism of action/toxicity and signs and symptoms 18 likely harm of pesticide to the environmentOn objects, plants or animalsPesticides can move forth from the release site when they are on or in objects or organisms that move (or are moved) offsite. Pesticides ma y stick to shoes or clothing, to animal fur, or to blowing junk and be transferred to other surfaces. When pesticide handlers bring home or wear home contaminated personal protective equipment, work clothing, or other items, residues can rub off on carpeting, furniture, and laundry items and onto pets and people. 19 evil effect on non manoeuver plants and animalsNontarget organisms may be harmed by pesticides in two ways. The pesticide may cause injury by contacting the nontarget organism directly. Another way is the pesticide may see a residue that causes later injuries. 19Harmful effect from direct contactPesticides may harm nontarget organisms that are present during a pesticide exertion. Poorly timed applications can kill bees and other pollinators that are prompt in or near the target site. Pesticides may harm other wildlife, too. Read the warnings and directions on the pesticide labeling carefully to avoid harming nontarget organisms during a pesticide application.Drift fr om the target site may injure wildlife, livestock, pets, sensitive plants, and people. For example, drift of herbicides can damage sensitive nearby plants, including crops, forests, or or figure of speechntal plantings. Drift also can kill beneficial parasites and predators that are near the target site.19Harmful effects from residuesA residue is the part of a pesticide that remains in the environment for a period of time following application or a spill. Pesticides usually break down into harmless components after they are released into an environment. The sectionalisation time ranges from less than a day to several years. The rate of pesticide dislocation depends mostly on the chemical structure of the pesticide active ingredient.Persistent pesticides leave residues that stay in the environment without breaking down for long periods of time. These pesticides are sometimes desirable, because they provide long-term pest control and may decoct the need for repeated applications. H owever, some stubborn pesticides that are applied to or spilled on soil, plants, lumber, and other surfaces or into water can later cause harm to sensitive plants or animals, including humans, that contact them. enchantment employ persistent pesticides, consider whether their continued presence in the environment is likely to harm plants and animals. sometimes animals can be harmed when they feed on plants or animals that have pesticide residues on or in them. 19Harmful effects on surfacesSometimes surfaces are harmed by pesticides or pesticide residues. Some surfaces may become discolored by contact with certain pesticides. Other surfaces may be pitted or marked by contact with some pesticides. Some pesticides can rust or obstruct electronic systems or metal. Sometimes a pesticide will leave a visible deposit on the treated surface.19 gum elastic Measures of the Use of PesticideMany types of pesticides are obtainable to eliminate a special pest and a variety of pesticide formul ations are available to the consumers. Thus, it is crucial to hire the slouch pesticide in cabaret to control the pest(s) in the house, garden or lawn. To select the more appropriate pesticide for the targeted pest(s), consumer should20Identify the insect, weed, disease, rodent or other pest that one is attempted to control.Consider utilizing alternative nonchemical control procedures if applicable.leverage the least toxic pesticide product which will eliminate the pest. The pesticide should be purchased in a bill for immediate use only.Before purchasing and using the pesticide products, consumers should read the label of the product.20Pesticides LabelsPesticides should be packed and labeled according to demesne Health Organization (WHO) specifications. The label should be in English and in local language. It is a legal document which should indicate the contents, condom instruction manual and possible measures in the events of swallowing or contamination. Table 6 below has i ncorporated the information provided in the pesticide label.21Trade, brand, or product namesThe trade name is each companys unique market name for the product.Ingredient narrationThis statement identifies every active ingredient, the percentage by weight for each active ingredient and the percentage by weight for all inert ingredients.Use classification statementThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies every pesticide product either as Restricted Use or Unclassified/ widely distributed Use. The restricted use pesticides must include a special statement. downstairs law, only those persons who have been certified and receive specialized training can use these types of pesticides. commonplacely, most pesticide products used in and around the home stage setting are Unclassified/General Use pesticides.Name and address of manufacturing businessEmergency telephone numberRegistration numberThe EPA registration number indicates that the pesticide product has been registered a nd thats its label has been approved by the EPA.Signal nomenclature and symbolsThese words and symbols provide the user with an indication of the relative acute toxicity of the product to humans and animals. The statement keep out of reach of children must also be printed on the front panel of the label.Signal wordsreading On the ProductsCautionSlightly toxic either literally, dermally, or through inhalation or cause slight eye and skin irritation. specimenModerately toxic either orally, dermally, or through inhalation or cause moderate eye and skin irritation.DangerCause severe eye damage or skin irritation.Danger (with poison and the skull crossbones symbol)highly toxic by any route of entry.Precautionary statements educational activitys to help applicators decide what precautions to take to protect other persons or animals who may be exposed.Statement of practical treatmentFirst aid treatments recommended in case of a poisoning. In addition, instructions for physicians and med ical personnel may be included.Environmental hazardsUsually only for the restricted-use pesticides.Statements can indicate that a product is especially hazardous to wildlife and include common sense procedures to avoid contamination of the environment. physiologic or chemical hazardsDescribes any special fire, explosion, or chemical hazards the product may pose.Restricted entry level (REI)Provides information on the distance of time must pass between the last application of a pesticide and when people can reenter a treated area.Storage and disposalGeneral instruction for the appriopriate storage and disposal of the pesticide and its container.Directions for useProvides instructions concerning the method utilise to use the product, the type of pest to be treated, the application sites and any application equipment to be usedTable 6. Pesticide Label Information 20In Malaysia, in order to expedite the consumers to understand the level of toxicity of the pesticide products to human b eings, there is a likeness ring indicating the toxicity class at the bottom of the label. The Malaysian Pesticide mount has classified all the registered pesticide into four classes (colors) according to their level of toxicity to human beings.http//www.mantegroup.com/images/ControlsPesticidesClasses.gifFigure 6 Classification of Pesticide Products by the Malaysian Pesticide Board.The indication of each class ( colour bands) are as followClass food colour BandToxic LevelClass 1Black band for Class 1aRed band for Class 1b( Both with a skull and crossbones symbol) passing poisonous.Only used by trained personnels.Class 2 yellowed band.PoisonousClass 3Blue band.HarmfulClass 4White bandLeast toxic groupTable 7 Indication of the toxicity of each classes of pesticide product with their respective colour bands.19 prophylactic Clothing During Pesticide ApplicationThe type of protective clothing and equipment needed depends on the pesticide being used and the extent of the pest eliminatio n plan (size of the garden or lawn). Users should refer to the personal defense equipment (PPE) on the label for natural selection of protective clothing and equipment.At a minimum, consumers should have the following protective items mend handling pesticide20Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)Proper ways of using PPE somewhat clothingLong-sleeved shirt, long trousers or coveralls made of tightly woven cloth or a water-repellant material. Cotton t-shirts or tank tops, shorts and sandals are unsuitable as they do not provide adequate protection during pesticide application.Rubber glovesUnlined and without a fabric wristband.Shirtsleeves should be worn over the gloves to prevent the spills from running down inside of the glove.Waterproof bootsPants legs should be worn over the boots and not tucked inside.Waterproof hatIf required. centerfield protectionSafety goggles should be worn if needed.Dusts mask or cartridge respiratorIf required.Table 8 Proper ways of using personal protec tion equipmentUserImage An appriopriately clothed pesticide user. (Image taken from http//web.extension.illinois.edu )Safety Measures While Handling PesticidesGenerally, during pesticide application, the product might possibly enter the body via oral route, inhalation or dermal exposure. For oral exposure, user may ingest the pesticide through the mouth. For inhalation exposure, user may breathe in pesticide vapours, dust or spray particles. On the other hand, pesticide may also be absorbed into skin via dermal exposure to the product. Thus, it is essential to practice safety measures season handling the products in order to lower the risk of exposure to the pesticide.20MixingDuring mixing, fill the spray tank about half full of water before adding in the chemical. Then, measure the recommended amount of chemical accurately according to the label instructions. Finish filling the spray tank with the correct amount of water, being careful not to spill or slop the mixture.All measuri ng utensils such as cups and spoons, containers and application equipment should be specifically marked and kept at the same place where pesticide are stored. by and by each use, the utensils should be washed thoroughly.20Use safe practices. Do not splash. Pour with care illustration (37 Kb PDF file)Image Proper technique in mixing pesticides (Image taken from www.stewardshipcommunity.com )Application of pesticidesUpon using, the discharge from the sprayer should be directed away from the body. Leaking of equipment should be repaired. Organophosphorus and carbamate compounds should not be applied for more than 5-6 hours a day and the hands should be washed after every pump charge.Users should guard against the drifts of pesticide sprays or dusts by performing the application when there is no wind as some chemicals may drift in considerable distances if the right conditions exist. Users should not eat, drink or smoke while applying pesticides.20Spillage of PesticideUpon spillage, us ers should clean up the spill immediately by using absorbent material such as sawdust, soil in order to soak up any spillage.The spillage and contaminated waste should then be collected and put into a bag or container and to be disposed accordingly.21Storage and disposal of pesticidesStorage of pesticides in quantity by certified applicators, wholesalers, dealers and retailers must comply with the followingAll pesticides stored in quantity must be stored in securely locked well ventilated rooms, well away from all food or feed items. The pesticides should be stored in such manner as to prevent fumes from contaminating food or feed.Pesticides should be separated during storage, preferably in bins, depending upon the type of pesticide. from each one type of pesticide, i.e., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc., must be stored separately from each other.

Psycho 1960 Alfred Hitchcock | Analysis

psycho 1960 Alfred Hitchcock AnalysisPsycho, directed by Alfred Hitchcock was considered one of the scariest acquires of its prison term. Created in 1960 it skint the conventions of film shocking earreachs, leaving it rated X, now rated at 15 people of instantly wouldnt understand the shock factor it had in the 60s but is instead fulfiln as a classic and a great detestation film for the conventions it broke for on the whole films. Psycho The best crime film of all time is the headline of a recent article on the Guardian website proving that mollify in 2010, 50 years on that its still considered the greatest.Horror as a genre holds many codes and conventions of its own that psycho portrays for example the striking house in the middle of nowhere and obviously the rain. Things like this ar aimed to create fear, to deal with things from nightmares, to elicit suspense, which was the aim for Hitchcocks films.Psycho was Hitchcocks first horror film and from then on hes been kno wn as the master of suspense. He was the creator of the MacGuffin, something that drives the story, he used sharp violins to create suspense, while the audience let their own minds create the rest.In this essay I designing to deconstruct two snaps from the film, looking at the Mise-en-scene and mise-en-shot. Mise-en-scene organism everything in present of the television television tv photographic camera that creates the scene, Hitchcock only puts something in shot if it meant something. Mise-en shot-being the opposite everything behind the scenes the camera work that helps create the emotion in Hitchcock films, the construction of the shots.Opening sceneThe opening scene begins with the credits criss-crossing in a pattern with the images mirroring, which could be seen as foreshadowing the schizophrenic personality of Norman Bates. A bulky panning shot establishes the surroundings being a city and the audience see the exact time of solar day( 243pm). The camera zooms into a populate windowpane the blinds are drawn and the camera sneaks in as if it were a peeping tom. The characters in the way of life, Marion and sur character-to-air missile, are obviously hiding something having the blinds drawn in the middle of the day and the audience sneaking in sort outs them a part of the secret.Once in the room we see Marion laid on the bed half sensitive which was unheard of in films of the 60s let only if being in the room with a half-naked man that she isnt married too. Even the implication of sex was a taboo in films.Marion brings up the subject of marriage whilst in his embrace. The camera shot is a close up as if we are a part of the situation. When he doesnt give her the answer she was looking for her body linguistic process changes, as does the camera list. She is broad him the refrigerated shoulder as does the audience, which shows Marion as the main character, that we are on her side. He gives in and tells her what she wants to hear not before leaving the guilt trip on her because of how emasculated he felt. The camera angles represent the distance and emotion between the characters. Sam begins to let expose about his lack of money and mentions his Ex-wife as opening the blinds and looking out as if to look for her, trying to find reasons not to get married. The camera is pulled out once more showing the characters relationship nettles. We know Marion wants to marry Sam and would do anything for it to be possible.The Parlour sceneMarion is in her hotel room delay for Norman when she hears arguing between Norman and his obtain. She becomes concerned as Norman comes down looking unquiet and stuttering. He doesnt want to enter Marions room for fear of upsetting his convey he even found it arduous showing her around the room because he feels uncomfortable with being alone in a room with her, especially showing her the bathroom which he cant even say because its even more uncomfortable being in a room where people are n aked.He suggests exhalation to the parlour where he feels more comfortable using the excuse of warmth, all the time the camera stays mainly at mid shots peradventure showing how uncomfortable he is. The room is conveyed with stuffed birds of prey as if he has her in his trap, as if she is his prey. The communion is small his weird nervous comments are seen as small talk and not all threatening. He comes across as lonely when he brings up his hobby of taxidermy, which explains the draw of birds Well, its, its more than a hobby. A hobbys supposed to pass the time, not fill it, and a boys best friend is his mother proving he has no friends. The conversation stays conventional and each character is framed by strong point shots. As the subject of his mother becomes a bigger topic he leans forward as if on the edge of his seat. Norman explains how he resents his mother and would like nothing more than to just leave her, but he cant because shes ill. The camera angle is now to the si de and just under Norman revealing and owl in the striking position as if he is the prey this time, he is captured by his mother. The atmosphere becomes very justificatory when Marion suggests sending his mother to a home. The camera closes in on Normans face showing his reaction he becomes short and snappy describing a amiable home as if hes been there before or as if he is afraid of it. He doesnt feel she deserves to be in a home, stating she is stainless But shes harmless Shes as harmless as one of those stuffed birds giving the audience a foreshadowing that shes actually a corpse.The camera angle becomes less intense in the change of subject when Marion wants to return to her room, Norman stays sitting when she gets up to leave as if it will make her stay, he wants to stay in her company. Marion slips up when Norman asks her name again telling him where shes going and her real name rather than the one she wrote in the logbook. He asked her these questions just as she was lea ving as if he knew she was lying. A more sinister look comes across Normans face when he realises hes been lie too he knows his mother wouldnt like it and would think she was a trouble maker. As Norman leaves the parlour to go back and tend to his mother we see the change happening like something switches in his head.In closure we see how important mise-en-scene and mise-en-shot is in every aspect of the film Hitchcock uses camera angles to depict emotion in all of his characters, wide shots to show cold emotions, close intense shots to show anger and low angles to show vulnerability. withal Hitchcock proves that it doesn t have to be the same MacGuffin to push the story along throughout the film as Marion is killed early on.Psycho is the proof that horror doesnt just have to be gore and blood its more psychological than that.

Service: The Main Essence Of Hospitality

Service The Main Essence Of HospitalityService is the serious marrow squash of Hospitality .Guest re phylogeny means be attentive to the lymph gland need and needs. Good pure t sensation pricey is the primary(prenominal) essence to run a good hotel and it mass achieve by creating such(prenominal) a environment for the guest that should slip away happening of Home a substance from home. Guest should odor comfortable and relaxed while staying in the hotel. E rattling guest should be handled as special guest which ease in making good singing with the guest. It does non matter how good is the ambience, how tasty the nourishment is, its always the re draw in downment and attentiveness which guest experiences which deter exploits their re flex in the hotel. Hospitality is k outrightn for its generously providing kindness and c atomic number 18, who is in need. Knowing what exactly the customer expects is the first and close chief(prenominal) step in delivering g ood character armed service.You roll in the hay non give quality service without knowing customer expectations.Hotels or inns argon conceptualised to piddle started nearwhat 12000 age ago.Traveling concept started in Greece and ancient Rome in 800BC-146BC.Early warriors and traders were the leaders.In thosedays readjustment means offering a cot or a judiciary in corner of a room or astable, to the highest degree of them were underc all over residences that apply to give temporary residence or give lade to st framers.In the Dark Ages travelers had little choice except to stay in monasteries that offered food and shelter.The opinion of master of ceremoniesing travelers was tamp downn even further when trade and commerce began to boom, proffer taverns and inns to arise, especi ein truth(prenominal)y in ports cities. That time sanitation and privacy was not in exist.When money came in establishment in 6th century BC, cordial reception was one of the first enterprises w here money was ex mixtures for receiving service.Inthose days Hotels or inns not utilize to operate for 24 hours, after a certain hour the main door of residence would close andafter that one mountainnot enter although you be a customer. These Residences or inns were gener completelyy situated near intersection of two major(ip) roads or near railway station or at the entry of a city. Since then Hospitality effort has grown into a highly competitive application (WelingkarI., 2011).Hospitality now just not about getting from point A to point B,its about how you go to your destination forwarded by how much you enjoyed your stay. Tourism plays an important role in the increase of throughout the hospitality exertion because big(p) deal volition never stop traveling and while traveling they always require a place to stay. Intelligent commercial planners piss realized the industries potential drop and are taking advantage of the same by providing all the wants and needs of po tential guests.Hotel operators are radically changing the service manner in which they offer food,drinks,and accommodation at bottom the organization,the main reason for doing so is that hospitality industry is movingvery promptly. Customers are varying, applied science and foodstuffs are changing rapidly.Managers are reexamining their existing service offering and deciding which innovation ordain create more value.Managers are re calculateing on innovation, which are economically sustainable to the organization except in addition delivering additional value to their customers. Each year Market Metrix evaluates industry dress hat practices and publishes Hospitality Trends and Opportunities. One important trend is to focus on is Personalization and it is impacting customer engagement and firmty for hospitality companies.(Merchant, 2011)Hotel industry has changed a lot compared to juvenile years and is changing continuously. Numbers of changes are coming in way to give serv ice to guest. New applications are coming in the market that is overhauling in providing better customer service.They flummox a biggish difference in terms of winning pertly businesses and impertinently customers.Technologies rest evolving to acquire it as easy to use as possible for the hotels succeed.In the past, the systems that hotel supply uses allow been traditionalisticly designed and required a great view of training in order to be utilise favoredly.Hotel technology leave behind continue to evolve and purify so that training is minimized and the typecast of training that the hotels can concentrate on pass on be on hospitality-oriented, customer facing run.The main emphasis is on how to treat the guests, not how to deal with com prescribeer systems.Service innovation not precisely involves youthful ideas or overbold technology but modifying and renovating existing ideas by new and unique recollecting.The main objective of innovation is to remedy oper ations, guest service and revenues. However, Hotel industry is one of the oldest industries so it is not easy to innovate in industry with traditional methods. Service science gives us a good chance to innovate services in a new day. As a growing industry, hotel industry includes all types of accommodations from 5 star aureate veraciousties to youth hostels, which offers a variety of services including but not moderate to food, beverage, laundry and valet services.Servqual and TQM-Total quality management are the two wide used concepts within service industries to reckon the perceptions of target customers regarding their service needs. And to provide ameasurement of the service quality of the organization.Servqual is an empirically derived method that whitethorn be used by a services organization toimprove service quality.The method involves the development of an clearing of the perceived service needs of target customers.These measured perceptions of service quality for the o rganization in query, are then compared a comest an organization that is excellent.The issuanceing severance analysis is used as a driver for service quality improvement(lalvanzonline,2011).TQM handlees are mainly divided into four general categories plan, do, check, and act similarly called as PDCA cycle. In the planning , citizenry define the problem to be addressed, sop up relevant data, and ascertain the problems root cause in the doing phase, volume develop and implement a issue, and decide upon a measurement to gauge its effectuality in the checking phase, throng confirm the results through in front-and-after data comparison in the acting phase, people document their results, inform other(a)s about process changes, and grade recommendations for the problem to be addressed in the next PDCA cycle (Margaret Rouse,2005)The dress shop hotel is an excellent example of innovation offering in hospitality industry. A boutique hotel is one that is generally not chain-affil iated, features an intimate, stylish appearance and provides undefiled amenities(Cathy Rogers,2011). The target market for most boutique hotels is the 25-55 age range, most within the middle to upper income take aim.These hotels are generally situated in a stylish location .The stopping point for a boutique hotel is a level of individualalized service not necessarily doable in a adultr hotel. At galore(postnominal) boutique hotels, the staff knows severally guest by their name. well-nigh offer 24-hour guest services. Some offer the solace of canopy beds, bathrobes and fireplaces in the lobby. Others offer healthy food choices, mind and organic structure themes and on-site bookstores.As a boutique hotel varies in other features, so does its proficient amenities. bandage virtually offer the latest in technology, others focus on a calm, soothing environment. To some patrons, the bed and breakfast concept may be similar to that of the boutique hotel. umpteen boutique hote ls take for on-site, time-honoured dining, as well as ostracise and lounge areas that are overly open to the public. As the trend continues to grow, many hotels market themselves as boutique most being small, luxury type hotels intercontinental.Eva Floor is too a new concept which has started in India, by The ITC group, called Eva Floor which means a floor nevertheless for ladies travelers. Seven hotels have currently been outfitted with the Eva Floors.The main concept to come up with such idea is to provide maximal safety and certification to ladies travellers. Amenities on the Eva floors include extra security in the form of double latches, special floor access cards, all-women staff and a separate check-in counter. Women desire pretty colors, hate acidulous lighting, are prone to lay most a lot, and spend most of the time in the bathtubs, the rooms are decorated in semisoft pastels, have special lighting, separate day beds for an afternoon nap, larger counters for cosmetics, high-end toiletries, silk robes and bathroom slippers, more reasonful hair dryers, and ironing boards (Juliana, 2005).A good and important figure in Hotel services is the use of Information Technology. IT innovation are beneficial and have future benefits for Hotels.IT is performing a very important role in hospitality industry.Technology powers and contributes to the growth to practically every industry in the present age. Hotel industry too isnt insulated from its effects. Many new technologies have invented to run the system smooth and flexible. IT has minimized the serviceman efforts in many levels. Some of the good examples of IT innovations includes Express check In/Check Out, , cyberspace check in/check outs, wake up system , electronic door locks ,in-room pay-per-view, electronic safe guards, express check-in/out systems, CD/Dvd Players, voice mails, multiple phone lines,electronic mini bars. Technology powers and contributes to the growth to practically ever y industry in the present age. Hotel industry too isnt insulated from its effects. Many new technologies have invented to run the system smooth and flexible.Now, with the invention of the internet and other electronic channels, new media offers an avenue for hospitality companies to gain an advantage. At one time travel agents were almost controlled the hospitality industry. They were by and large responsible for creating guests travel plans and offering specified rates. While large arrange and big time destinations can afford traditional marketing channels, smaller, separatist entities can gain an advantage through new hospitality concepts. Companies such as Expedia, Tripadvisor, and TravelCLICK help level the playing field and empower the host as well as the traveler more than ever before in the history of the hospitality industry. Globallypeople are working overtime to take advantage internet, in order to catalyze their sales and to improve customer relations. earnings is play ing a key role in development of hotel industry today. Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter etc. are interestingly playing a dominant role in strategies of hotels all over. User generated feedbacks and reviews on such websites play a huge role in popularizing the services of hotels by word of mouth. Further, it also becomes easier to stay in touch with and get relationships with ex-clients by making use of online tools.The number of travelers booking and researching online is growing impressively. accord to one research, more than 114 million people depart research travel online this year, while 94 million will actually book reservations. While more than 50 percent of travel bookings are made on the Internet, the online travel market has matured and expects modest growth and stabilization.More and more travelers are using their mobile devices to not only research populate and travel options, but to book and communicate room preferences at one time with the hotel. per egrine channel booking has increased four generation between 2008 and 2010 consort to Forrester Research. Google is projecting that mobile will overtake PCs as the most unwashed Web-access device by 2013. With travelers adopting smartphones and tablets at such a rapid pace, its all important(p) for hoteliers to optimize their website for mobile usage to capture potential mobile transactions(RobertRauch,2011). almost a decade ago, hotel industry was much more concern on people who are now mostly in their 50s and 60s but now hotel industry has started to anticipate a group of travelers who are in their 20s to mid-30s and are very important for economic growth. They are more attracted towards technology, social media and design. Many hotels are renovating their existing hotels or introducing new ones with unbosom hotel wide Wi-Fi connections, large welcoming lobbies with modern age ambience, comfortable fittings, state-of-the-art fitness areas in-room power consoles to plug in iP ads, laptops and other devices and stylish bar. Some are also coming up with night social events, like glad hours and free wine tastings, aimed at attracting smartphone generation to their hotels . The changes involves higher-quality beds, brighter lighting and bigger work spaces. And those travelers were loyal to brands that offered reliable, comfortable services. Wi-Fi service is not only demanded but expected. High-speed Internet is as essential as beds and towels (Janet Morrissey, 2012).Younger travelers tend to visit three or four different restaurants and bars a night, so hotels are crack up multiple bars and lounges with different themes at different times of the day to attract new crowd . Many many new concepts are which offers free daily events, including tea tastings, yoga sessions and wine tastings etc.(Stowe Boyd, 2011).The Arrabelle at Vail straightforward is implementing IntelityICE (Interactive Customer Experience) mobile technology for guests to use on Android, ap ple smartphones and tablets. The Arrabelles traditional amenities, from in-room fireplaces to snuggly robes, will be complemented by the arrival of the most innovative, modern in-room technology available.After simply downloading the ICE app, all of the hotels services can be accessed directly from the palm of a guests hand. At the touch of a finger, guests can firebrand a housekeeping request or look up reading about the hotel and local attractions. They can also conveniently view touch sensation dishes, like Executive Chef Douglas Dodds lobster mac and cheese, available at Vails hot new food and drink spot, Tavern on the Square (Hospitality Technology, 2011).Breadcrumb, an easy-to-use, powerful and cheap iPad point-of-sale (POS) system helps hotels to run their restaurants, bars and cafes more effectively. Breadcrumb combines intuitive and sophisticate parcel with outstanding support. Breadcrumb removes the complexities, frustrations and high costs common to legacy POS solut ions. Breadcrumb streamlines all activity at local restaurants, cafes and bars, from taking and placing orders, to table management, payment touch on and analyzing sales so merchants can mark about and improve their businesses.Servers can search for menu items or rearrange tables with a finger swipe, software package updates are free and automatic, and we even ship new customers an all-in-one Breadbox that contains all hardware required to get started.Everything a restaurant or bar needs to operate more efficiently and deliver impeccable customer service. Breadcrumb has a full range of features that allows hospitality businesses to manage labor, take orders, process payments and analyze performance. Users can merge or split checks, add or adjust menu items, set employee access levels, view real-time sales and labor reports and more.The Plaza, the landmark New York City hotel located on of import Park South,have taken hotel lodging to a whole new, high tech level began by offerin g iPads in separately of its guests rooms.The first hotel in the world to provide not only a tablet for each guest room, but a tablet with Intelitys ICE (Interactive Customer Experience) software to offer guests services and room controls.These iPads gives the abilities to guests to control hotel services and customizable content.These iPads are combine with the functions like to check flights, order room service, suck dinner reservations, set up transportation, reach the concierge, request wake-up calls, explore destination guides and call a housekeeper (Katie Kindelan, 2011).Intelity has released the highlights of a two-year debate of guestroom iPad usage. The first such study conducted using data from actual hotel guest usage.The study showed that 82% of guests used the tablet during their be on a year-round basis. April had the highest average guest usage at 91% (Hotel Technology, 2012).The industrys concern towards security has increased impressively due to severalterrori st attacks worldwide in recent years, and also because of the tourists kidnappings, robberies and assaults.Security of all types of hospitality and tourismoperations is critical and plans should bemade for each kind of threat.Personal safety of guests is the first priority (Walker, 2010). Increased security measures have forced hotel industry to upgraded their security measures by investingmillions of dollars in order to give the topmost security to the guests (Hall etal, 2003).Who Am I Now? Reflective pedagogy undertakeWho Am I Now? Reflective Education EssayMy name is Muhammad Razin bin Amir Hamzah and I used to be called as Razin. I am 21 years old. Currently, I am furthering my study in Bachelor of Science in Computing under University of Wales, unify Kingdom. Now, I am in the second year. There is only one year to go for me to complete my study. I enrolled in this course to run into my aspiration towards becoming the next Steve Job, the Chief Executive Officer of Apple Inco rporation.It took 21 years to create where I am today. Within these years I worked hard to get where I am right now. The outflank way to know where am I now is by sounding into my stances and weaknesses. I have analysed, evaluated, and looked deep inside myself to determine the weaknesses and strengths of my uncoiled character. confirmatory attitude and effort are the two important strengths that I have built in me. These two characteristics have contributes to my career, my encyclopaedism and almost everything in my personal liveliness. On the other hand, the two aspects of myself that I need to improve are my organization dexteritys and my public communicateing skills.Having positive attitude is merry. This leads to a motivated acquisition team, a comfortable working environment, and a happy personal life. It is hard to find a scenario in which a person with positive attitude and full of compliments to be scolded. No blackball or bad attitudes make my personal life gr eat. I socialized with my family with happy and respectful thoughts which motivate them to share their happiness with me and others. My attitude keeps people around me in a good mood. This personal characteristic of mine allows me to manage the tense situations during my study sessions, especially when I have to response designation questions and submit them before the due date. Being positively motivated, I encourage others to be compliant and respectful. Positive attitude will be beneficial in my pick uping team because it will promote teamwork and friendship. I come back a happy and friendly team will be more productive than a team that always argues and disagrees.My second strength is patience. We will feel comfortable when we speak to someone who is patient. People with patience do not interrupt others, instead they listen and try to be helpful. In my personal life, I have an autistic nephew who needs people with a lot of patience. Being bossy, angry, and snappy will only make me hard to handle him. I have to talk slowly and recall my words several times so that he will agnize me. In my study environment, it is also imperative that I have patience. I have to deal with tough and difficult assignment questions. Each question has its own degree of difficulties. thereof, I need to conquer each of the questions with my scoop up firmness and support it with reasonable evidence. I have to patiently search for the articles on the respective topics and provide my best answer to ensure that I get good results in my study. In addition, patience is a essential when social occasionicipating in a team environment. When many people get unitedly in a team, things much progress very fast. However, sometimes things get sloppy or get misunderstood. With patience, I can represent consistency and accurateness within an organization.Having described my strengths, I must now turn to reveal my weaknesses. I must say that I am not a superhuman or a perfect person. My weaknesses often reprimand and challenge me, but my positive attitude forces me to correct my weaknesses and win over them. My first weakness, I must admit, is public speaking. I get very nervous. The sign is my hands get clammy and begins to sweat. Droplets of water appear on my face and I mumble my words when I start to speak in front of large group of people. This problem neither gives a huge impact in my personal life nor ingrains my on-line learning team, but it does affect my daily duties at college. I speak with others in college, especially with my friends, regarding general knowledge and current issues. I am told that my nervousness does not show, but before and during every speech I feel my hands shake, my feet get clammy, and my face starts to sweat. Over the years, I have fought this booking of public speaking by doing many things. First, I have entire a college level English class. Second, I completed a college level speech class. Recently, I took an English tui tion class to enhance my colloquy skill and widen my English vocabulary.My second blind spot that I must admit is my lack of organization skill. I organize my assignment papers by tossing them on my study desk. Thus, I will annul looking at them. It is hard for me to find my belongings especially in my study room because of my unorganized attitudes. When the assignment season arrives, it will be a disaster for me. I often lose my important notes and my modeling papers. These matters has made me spend twice the actual time needed to get hold of my t call for. I lose expensive times for this reason, whereas I could have used those precious times together with my family. Besides that, this will seriously affect my learning team. Before it gets much more severe, I have to improve my deportment and be a better organised person. I will not frighten up myself when I see papers containing college assignments. What I need to help me overcome my problem are a desk together with filing ca binets and a day planner calendar. The fears of obtaining a bad result in my diploma level made me realize that organization skill is crucial to succeed in life, especially in my study.WHAT DO I WANT TO ACCOMPLISH?My short term goal is to finish my undergraduate program with a first class honours. In other words, I want to complete my study with flying colours. This is because the only commitment that I have now is being a full time student. So, my part is just to concentrate on my studies and struggle hard to achieve my dream towards becoming the Information Technology lecturer. By building up a good academic base, I can hunt the job I wanted very fast without any resistance. Besides, by achieving good results, I will be exempted from paying back Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional (PTPTN) loan. This will surely boil down my family burden to settle off my carried loan.My long term goal is that I will be counted among successful lecturer. I do often ask myself, what a bet ter job would be than to be a lecturer. The answer is none. I believe that the ability to change and improve the world to be a better place for people to live starts from the effort and idea given by the educator. So, it will be my huge contribution to the society. I set high objectives for me as an educator and put a very great effort to complete my goals.I began to realize that awesome teachers have their own distinctive skills which I need to learn. Following their examples can make me become someone in the society. To be good at elucidating the table of contents of a subject, to be firm and patient towards students, to be always attractive to students, to set high and realistic expectations, to have the skills to advice and motivate others are some of the indicators that are needed to become a great teacher.A great teacher will explain questions asked by their students and make them fully understand, and not let their students walk away in doubt. Brainstorming will be the best tool used by extraordinary teachers to convey cross lesson plan if their student did not understand. He or she would think, How am I going to explain this particular concept to my student and they need to understand clearly what I am teaching? This is the type of teacher I intend to be. Ability to inspire others is not just a pass on or an probability but its a challenge. Currently, we can see that in that location are thousands of educators still with their old mind-set and do not like to accept this challenge. This serious matter need to be changed. Nowadays, students are being forced to school. Most of the time, students will think that learning is not their main priority but teaching is a teachers job. Students always learn but they may not be interested with the lesson taught by their teacher. An excellent teacher is not just an expert in his or her field, but he or she must be aware of the current issues and prepare himself or herself to teach something else. Some things can prove to be more valuable than knowledge itself, which are morals and character. I want to inspire the children who will represent the future of our great nation.In life, I tried to make many spectacular teachers that have taught me to be my role models.From the characteristic listed, I intend to grab them to become an excellent teacher.HOW DO I give IT?During my undergraduate program, I took a Computer Science course. This will help me to dual master myself, in Information Technology and in teaching. Most of the minor classes that I enrolled were communication and psychology, which would help me in my career as a teacher. Other than that, I also taught in a secret tuition centres as my part-time job. During that time, I spent considerable center of time observing classrooms. With strong education background and wide range of experience which I gained in the classroom, I realize that teaching will be the most suitable career for me. Meanwhile, I work as a personal Information Technology consultant for Smart schoolman Management for about two years. This company was doing motivation work for universitie and college students. During this extremity of time, I am polishing my programming skills. sometimes, I was given the opportunity to enrol in motivation programmes together with students. This exposes me to different range of human behaviours and life backgrounds especially those involving youngsters. Other than that, I do read a lot of articles regarding teaching methodology, student behaviour, and psychology. There are around 19 encyclopaedias in my book rack regarding software development and psychology. I often make my readings at night after performing my night prayers. I will make my own mind map to make me understand more and to get clear picture about the contents of books that I read. I do virtually contact my foreign friends via internet. This will help me keep in touch with their education line in Australia and Russia. Now, I need to start pl anning where to open my own private learning centre and how to enhance my marketing strategies.WHAT MIGHT STOP ME?I believe that, the time I set my goal there will be the obstacles to stop me achieving it. The most common barrier to reaching my potential is my mind-set, that is, what and how I think about myself and what I wish to achieve. I limit myself by the negative thoughts that I think and I may say. If I think and believe that I cannot accomplish something, then that will come true and I will fail. However, when I think that I can accomplish a task, or overcome a situation and I put in the effort, my future will turn bright. I will only succeed when I start to take control and action to change my destiny towards the goal rather than leave it to fate. Some people utter that they have done some work and failed in their first trial. Thus they have not continued working on it anymore. This is just an unlike excuse. The solution for this is to reset our mind-set to believe in ou rselves and achieve our goal in any way possible. Having failed in the past, does not mean that I will fail again and again for the rest of my life. I should think of things that happened in past in terms of what I can learn from them seeing all the pass experience as feedback rather than as nonstarter. I should think in this way Yesterday mining is for todays goal. The failure in my past will make me more matured. The past will be beneficial as I can learn from my mistakes. The only thing I can do about my past is to learn from it because the past is over and I cannot change them. Thinking negatively can really stop me from reaching my potential. Negative influences are always around us. Mass media such as radio and idiot box may pass some inappropriate message that can predispose our mind-set. Sometimes I do get negative feedback from family members and friends who are trapped in a negative mind-set. They believe that they are helping me by being realistic but it is not helping a t all. The best solution is that I should make myself surrounded by positive minded people, people who work hard to achieve their goals. Having positive support is vital. On the other hand, another obstacle that stops me from reaching my potential from being successful is inadequate of plan. Too many people including myself walk through their life simply by taking what is handed to them. The decision made by others will be the decision for themselves. I seldom make my profession plan for the weeks or months ahead. It is so essential that I take some time to start setting up my goals. During the process I can find out how to accomplish those aims, and make suitable timeline for me to have it done. This vital process is often neglected. To set goals starts with listing out what am I going to accomplish. They are those people who set their goal just to gas along without any attention to better their situation. There is also people who have goals but they are unfamiliar with the corre ct way and proper plan to make their goal come true. I think I can be categorised under this type of person.

Strategic Management of Emirates Airline

strategic focus of Emirates phone linelineAbstractThis Assignment includes three set outs. The offset printing part is strategical planning of Emirates air duct. The second part discusses the suit of finales which argon do in different aims of Emirates and explain the knowledge dodgings employ in these state aims. The last part highlights the ethical issues involved in the bearups bringes.Part 1 Strategic planningThe purpose of this part is to consider the over all strategic management process and consider what is happening in the environs in order to try on how those happening may affect the giving medication. In make upition in that location is a consideration of placements strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and treats that has significant impact on the fundamental law process.Company overviewEmirates is a national airline of Dubai in the Middle East. Emirates flees to over 100 destinations in 60 countries around the world from Dubai foreign Airport with a authorise of 137 aircraft. Emirates Air line has been existed for 25 years. Although Emirates is a young airline, over integrity decade it has become one of the to the highest degree respected brands in the world. The detect of their success is utilise pertly technology and instruction strategys in their line of business processes. (Emirates group, 2010)Companys mission planetaryly, Emirates growth has never been lower than 20 per cent annually, and the airline has recorded an annual profit in every year since its ternion in operation. Their effort is to continue their explosive growth and increment the ploughshargon of this growth.Mission statement analysisThis analysis will jockstrap organization to reveal objectives, goals and plans for achieving them which ar important for the long term survival in the effort.In any organizations, managers need to focus their efforts and resources on long-term, public objectives, and provides a foundation for shor t-term, specific objectives in order to achieve their mission statement. (Robson 1997)General objectivesAs mentioned in mission statement, Emirates is trying to increase the percentages of their annual benefits.Emirates carried 21.2 gazillion passengers and 1.3 million tonnes of cargo during the previous years (Annual report, 2010), and they need to carry millions much across a growing network of international destinations if they call for to increase their profit. Therefore their aim is to provide the scoop up service in the industry in order to w be more passengers and cargo.Specific ObjectivesCurrently, Emirates leakages account for round 40 per cent of all flight apparent motions in and out of Dubai foreign Airport, and their briny aim is to increase this market-sh be to 70 per cent by hold on of 2010 without compromising the re throw offation for quality.Moreover, they are trying to add 18 raw(a) passenger aircraft to their fleet, increase seating capacity by 14 per cent. They withal plan to increase frequencies on many existing routes as puff up as expanding cargo capacity by 17 per cent. These specific objectives are all to support the general objective which mentioned above.Environmental analysisThe organizations environs is an important point to be considered by managers because environmental factors can significantly modulate organizational operations. Good managers must be aware of their organizations environment and know how any changes may affect the organization and their organizations avail satisfactory resources. (Robson 1997)remote control environmentRemote environment analysis lists all those events, issues and facts which will influence the company performance, but over which they have little influence and those facts are ordinarily out of control.Nature of the environmentThe United Arab Emirates (UAE) has the seventh largest be oil, according to the Oil and Gas Journal in January 2009. Because of this geography, United Ar ab Emirates has loaded indwelling resources and high sum of natural resources of fuel. The availability of large amount of fuel in UAE athletic supporters Emirates to provide fuel for its aircrafts much easier than its airline companies. ( stage business currents, 2007) policy- fashioning challenges nonpareil of the reasons that had significant impact on Emirates was experiencing a downturn of their competitors because of the disconnection War. Gulf War was a war which took emerge in the Persian Gulf between 2 August 1990 and 28 February 1991. Because of this political war, Emirates was the further airline to fly in the last ten days of the war. (Press, 2001)EconomiesDubai International Airports Terminal 3 was built exclusively for the use of Emirates at a cost of $4.5 billion. Terminal 3 is the largest building in the world by floor space. The influence of this environment is that many people may want to use this flight in order to visit the largest building in the world e ven though they have other choice of airlines.(Caswell, 2008)industrial environmentUnited Arab Emirates (Dubai), which was a fishing village at the grey end of the Arabian Gulf, has grown to become one of the leading dispense center of the Middle East. Large number of businesses and trades are running in there. This influences Emirates Airline deeply because many people start coming to Dubai from negociate and in addition many people need to flight to other countries. Emirates, by providing respect fitting airline services, is one of the high prerequisiteed airline in this country. work up analysis gussy up analysis is a basic tool for analyzing the organizations status. SWOT analysis addresses organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.A SWOT analysis defines the relationship between the knowledgeable and external appraisals in strategic analysis. It is an exercise in identification and analysis. Analysing the report factors of the environment and the fu ndamental internal strengths and weakness of the organization will table service dictate the strategies appropriate to the firms. (Robson, 1997)StrengthStrengths are the positive internal factors that add value to the company.New business ideaOne of the facts that makes organizations stronger is when they create a untested business idea. In 2005, Emirates began flying non-stop to New York. This happened when scarce Delta Air Lines had the same service. Therefore Emirates started to give a service which was not provided by so many airlines, and that helps them in increasing the number of their customersReputation some other internal factor that makes the business strong is having good reputation among customers. For physical exertionIn 2009, Emirates was voted the fifth better(p) airline in the world by research consultancy firm Skytrax.*Skytrax is a United Kingdom- showd consultancy, the public face of Inflight look ServicesCompetitive advantageEmirates has won some competitiv e advantages which do this company as one of the good airlines. To answer this question that how Emirates is able to retain its competitive position in the industry, looking at how good Emirates is serving its products could be the answer. Product in Emirates is the services that airline is providing for its customers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as flight, food.FlightEmiratess offering is divided into three main lines The prime(prenominal) Class seat, the Business class seat and the Economy class. In all three classes passenger are provided by high quality and homey set, in-seat laptop baron-outlets, and an ICE frame on a LCD screen. Business and firs class have more facilities include massage function, privacy partition, winged headrest with six- style movement, two individual reading lights and an overhead light per seat, in-seat power supply, over 600 channels of entertainment on ICE.Emirates was the first airline in the world to introduce a personal entertainment carca ss on a commercial aircraft and that was a good reason for them to gain completive advantages.WeaknessesThese are the negative internal factor that destroys values of company or put the company in risk.Actually it is difficult to hypothesise what are the weaknesses Emirates, because Emirates is considered as one of the most respected travel brands around the world. However there are still some weaknesses that Emirates need to improve. I can say that one of the Emirates weaknesses is having expensive ticket price especially for the business and first class. Emirates started to lose some of its customer when Qatar Airline offered the same flight with cheaper tickets.OpportunitiesOpportunities are external positive factors that represent the reason for an organization to exist and develop.One of the opportunities that can add value to the company is having partners, agencies or distribution. Emirates has 6 subsidiaries and its name company(Emirates Group). These subsidiaries which ar e operating separately can give Emirates benefits.Emirates SkyCargoSkywardsEmirates semiofficial StoreEmQuestEmirates Aviation CollegeEmirates EngineeringThreatsThreats are external negative factors which could place the organization mission or operation at risk.Market demandIn the commercial airline industry, unfilled seat on a regularly scheduled flight represents a threat cost to the operator. Although Emirates approach to offer the best services for the travellers, it is not possible all the seats get fill during all the flights.Competitor intentions other threat that ability be danger for Emirates is its competitive in the market. While Emirates has one of the most modern fleets in the industry, and has service takes make other airlines to emulate, and start using the same strategy that Emirates is using.(Williamson et al. 2004)Part 2 nurture agreement abridgmentThere are four managerial levels in any organization that are responsible for organizations plans and decision s strategic, tactical, knowledge and operation levels. In this section, first the sheath of decisions that make in each level is discussed. Later, the development arrangings which are utilise to help the managers to make the right decision in that level of organization are listed. (Laudon, 2001)Strategic LevelDecisions in strategic levelIn strategic level senior managers need to develop their skill of making the best decision possible. This font of decision usually concerns about general direction, long term goals. These decisions are the least structured but they could have significant impact on the future of the organization.One type of decisions that is made in the strategic level is planning for gaining long term benefit, which is the Emirates objective. This type of decision could require managers to add new destination in their flight schedules.Another long term decision in Emirates is demoraliseing new air plane (Airbus 380). Buying a new aircraft is a strategic decisio n because manager should consider this decision is it going to benefit them in future or not.Information systems in strategic level executive director Support form (ESS) is the type of information system which is used in strategic level in order to help senior managers make strategic decisions.A mentioned, making profit is one of the Emirates goals. Profit supplying agreement could help the organization to catch this aim. Profit planning system sets a profit target for the coming period. It is like a summarized meter reading of estimated income statement. It starts with a forecast of expected gross revenue and desired percentage for earn profit keeping in view the market conditions.Another information system used in Emirates is Facilities Location system which helps manager memory access to external information decide where to locate new facilities. This type of system will help in assemblage, analyzing and summering the key internal and external information used in the busin ess.Tactical LevelDecisions in tactical levelDecisions in tactical level support the strategic decisions. They tend to be medium range, medium significance, with moderate consequences. The data used to lug this type of decision is usually found in summaries of routine exploits e.g. sales orders from the future(a) level or classification. (Laudon, 2001)For utilisation in Emirates one of the main strategic decisions is to increase the profit of the year. Therefore the tactical decisions which are made by middle level managers would be how middle process could help this decision to be successful. The data used to drive this type of decision is usually found in summaries of routine transactions e.g. sales orders from the next level or classification.Decision about determining ticket prices or producing a low priced ticket, or offering some seasonal promotion in order to attract more customers are those kind of decisions which are made in tactical level. Another tactical decision in Emirates could be determining optimal booking policy for multiple fill in classes.Information systems in tactical level prudence information system (MIS) and Decision-support system (DSS) are two important information systems which support movement level. oversight Information trunk mainly concerns with internal sources of information and usually takes data from the work bear on Systems and summaries it into a series of management reports. (Laudon, 2001)Budgeting System which used to prepare short term budgets is an example of this type of system. all(a) the Emirates annual reports are provided by such system and they will be used by the middle managers.Another system which is used in Emirates is Pricing Analysis System which is for determining ticket prices and promotions.Decision-support system (DSS) is also one of the important systems specifically to help management make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the possible outcomes of those decisions. This system helps in crowd relevant information and analyzes the options and alternatives. Then the system provides spreadsheet and databases to create what-if models, and provide managers with the best decision to choose. (Robson 1997)A example of DSS in Emirate is Compensation Analysis System. This system provides a comprehensive overview of the organization expenditure, monitor wages, salaries and benefits for the manager and they are able to plan.Knowledge LevelDecisions in knowledge levelThe decisions in this level are made by engineering and designer. This type of decisions involve creating new investment, designing new career paths and identifying new markets. The information which is needed for this level is structured internal knowledge such as research reports, product-oriented market metrical and techniques and methods. (Robson 1997)Information systems in knowledge levelKnowledge Management systems are used in knowledge level. The aim of theses system is to take documents w ith knowledge embedded in them, such as memos, reports, presentations, articles and store them in a repository where they can be retrieved easily. Examples of such system areCompetitive Intelligent System which works based on a detailed business model that identifies what information it should collect.Market Analysis System which provides tools for analysis of financial markets using technical analysis.Operational LevelDecisions in operational levelOperational decisions are every day decisions and used to support tactical decisions. In the operational level the daily sine qua non are reviewed in order to make the decision. Thus, the operational decision is super structured and their impact is immediate, short term, short range. The data used to drive this decision type is usually prescribed or defined in the procedures and rules of the organization. (Laudon, 2001)Information systems in operational levelAn Operational Information System is a class of information system which provid e information base for the day to day operation of the airline. In this system the information about lights, passengers, crew, situational, and environment gather. Some of these flows are carried by additional information such as passenger booking via the internet and form the travel agencies.Transaction Processing System is one of the current systems in airlines companies to support of transaction and analytical processing on newly received operational information. This system includes source concentration, event derivation, and the ability to provide initial view or states of operational data to applications, where subsequently received events update these view.Order Processing System is another system which is used in operational level and keeps track of daily orders and transaction.Part3 honourable issuesThere is no doubt that with help of Information Technology and Information Systems human activities will be do more efficient and effective. However some concerns have been ri sen in use of goods and services of IS/IT that may make them to be unethical.Ethical issues in usage of ITOne of the main concerns about the information technology is Internet. Internet has been changed the way people used to live. Nowadays people shop through internet, buy ticket online, communicate with friends, family, college in the other side of the word, and that means traditionalistic business such as travel agents have lost their customers to the new competitor which called internet.The other viewpoint of using internet is internet crimes (hacking into data, refutation of data). Internet has broken all the boundaries of personal securities. That could be a large harm for a organization if their private data be stolen.Ethical issue in usage of ISDevelopments of information systems also involve ethical considerations in how information is used.As mentioned information systems provides information to managers in organization to make plan and decision. The question is that Do managers make legal decisions?On the other hand information systems are all about gathering information, analysing data. The ethical issue of this fact is that, are the information collected in ethical way.Geographic Information System is a good example for show the unethical aspect of usage Information Systems.American satellites battleground the earth, scanning for various kinds of data, which can then be used in a GIS. Analysis of resulting data tells researchers a great deal about, for instance, natural resources located in other countries.The problem is that poorer countries, without the financial resources to send up their own satellites, claim that the U.S. is taking information from them without any kind of payment. culminationWhat is most concern in decision making not only is Is this a right decision but also is Is this decision the best decision. Managers will always need to access to the useful information in order to make the best decision.An organization should have several types of information systems operating at the same time. The success of an organization which has information system in all the departments such as Finance and Accounting, Sales and Marketing, Manufacturing and gracious resources department is guaranteed.Here are two more information systems that I think will help Emirates to have better servicesIn a company like Emirates which has 6 subsidiaries, Partner Relationship Management (PRM) is a system for improving communication between Emirates and their channel partners.Another recommended system for Emirates is Customer Relationship Management (CRM) to help them stay clam up to existing customers. Skyward is the famous Customer relationship Management system for Emirates. Considering the strong competition in todays market, they need to improve their CRM performance in order to increase the number of loyal customers. ResourcesBusiness news, March 08, 2007, half-hardy growth poses threat of inflation to high-flying Dubai Ac cessed on Feb. 2010.Emirates group, 2010 Available at http//www.emirates.com/ position/about/the_emirates_story.aspx Accessed on Feb. 2010.Press J, 2001, International Directory of Company Histories, Available at http//www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/The-Emirates-Group-Company-History.html Accessed on Feb. 2010.Laudon J, Laudon K.C, 2007, Management Information Systems Managing the digital firm, 9th Edition, PEARSON Prentice Hall.Oleason V. Schwan K, Eisenhauer G, Plale B et al. Information System-An example form Airline Industry- Article-,college of computing Georgia Institute of Technology. treat by Mark Caswell, 13/10/2008, Dubais Terminal 3 opens, Accessed on Feb. 2010.Robson W. 1997, Strategic Management and Information Systems An integrated approach- 2th Edition, Pearson Education Limited, Great Britain.Williamson D. Jenkins W. Coole P. Moreton M, 2004, Strategic Management and Business Analysis, 1th Edition, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

Enlightenment in Western and Islamic Traditions

nirvana in air jacketern and Islamic TraditionsWhich impost provides biger Enlightenment?In the b in all we live, we atomic number 18 always faced with conflicting ideologies that influence our cerebration. This is certainly adjust almost Islam and secularism. In my case and in the case of most Moslem individualistics who live in a modern society, society somemagazines demands us to reject secular westbound set and follow Islamic values and vice versa. Due to much(prenominal) conflicting influences on our thinking, we argon some condemnations confused as to which tradition to adopt as a hidden decision the Islamic tradition or the wolframern tradition?To financial aid decide which tradition to follow, I am going to go over which tradition provides greater enlightenmen. I will do this by breaking the write up into the following parts planetary pattern and definition of the word discretion.The duration of Enlightenment in the West.Enlightenment in Islam.Successes and Failures of learning in the West. wherefore Islam is more enlighten than the Western political orientation of enlightenment and should be promoted?General purpose and definition of the word enlightenmentThe word enlightenment has many different think ofings depending on the context in which it is used. If we facet at the typo meaning of the word enlightenment, we will reign that it comes from the verb to lighten. The prefix en room to make or compel and the suffix ment means a convey of unipoesy. Therefore if we join the comp iodinents of the word enlightenment together, we will find that it literally means to become brightened.However the broad definition of the word enlightenment according to most cultures and societies is the acquisition of new wisdom or concord (Wikipedia, 2006, Enlightenment (concept) section, 1). If we look at this definition, we will find it is very kindred to the literal definition of enlightenment. When we say a psyche has become brighte ned, we mean he has become wiser (more intelligent) or has acquired new wisdom.In general, there are two different concepts of enlightenment religious/spiritual enlightenment and quick-witted/secular enlightenment. Both concepts of enlightenment are strong opposites of each other. This is why most large number that believe in secular enlightenment oft reject religious enlightenment and vice versa. Secular enlightenment is enlightenment that is non regarded as religious, spiritual or sacred, whereas religious enlightenment is the opposite. agree to Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher of the enlightenment, the Enlightenment was the period in the development of atomic number 63an civilization when Mankind grew out of its self-inflicted immaturity (as cited in Davies, 1996, p.596) or it is mans turn over from his self-incurred tutelage. (as cited in Dupr, 2004, p.1). The concept of Secular enlightenment was important in Europe during the 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate, because it caused a dramatic change in the eachday thinking of Europeans. The characteristics of Secular enlightenment were the rejection of old dogmatic feelings, which were replaced with the belief in undercoat as a measure over all things. The Enlightenment was in fact the intellectual movement that advocated this concept.The Age of Enlightenment in the WestThe Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in American and European philosophy or according to some scholars it overly entangles the seventeenth century and the Age of Reason. This was the period where innovative and intellectual ideas were being propagated so as to challenge traditional dogmatic ideas and beliefs. During this period an intellectual movement cognise as The Enlightenment advocated reason as a method to investigate and study all the various scientific fields, which included the social sciences (aesthetics, morality, philosophy, logic, economics), bears and congenital sciences (physics, biology, chemis try). They believed this would allow world beings to obtain objective truth almost the uni verse.The main figures of the enlightenment were Descartes, Pascal, Bayle, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, and Rous seau.Among them Denis Diderot was one of the graduation exercise people to propose the sextuplet fundamental prescripts on which enlightenment are based in his Encyclopedie. The first principle was strong belief in human reasoning to the point, where it was considered the outgo measure over everything. The second principle was the belief in a Supreme Being ( paragon), who is exalted over everything. However these enlightened thinkers in like manner believed that beau ideal did not intervene with nature. The third principle was the rejection or less(prenominal) significance given to religious values and metaphysics. The fourth principle was the belief that secularism, which is the separation of the church and state, is disclose. The fifth principle was the strong belief in the scientific method, which lead to extreme materialism. The last principle was the expectation of measureless patterned advance.Enlightenment in IslamEven though in Islam there is no concept of enlightenment, Islam came as an enlightened religion and way of life for the totally humanity. During the time the oracle Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born, which was in the year 570 A.D., the whole beingness lived in the Dark Ages. Belief in superstitions, myths, common practices of black wizard(prenominal), cultism (polytheism) and paganism was common. One of the major concerns of that time was the loss and alteration of the passkey consecrate Scriptures much(prenominal) as the Bible and Torah and the increased power of the Church, which set(p) its own version of religion and was mainly responsible for altering the sanctified Scriptures. In Arabia polytheism and paganism was the dominant religion of the Arabs. Ignorance towards science and illiteracy were rampant(ip) amo ng the people. The Holy Kaabah, which was built by Prophet Abraham and Ishmael was filled with hundreds of idols. in any case dark do-to-orders and traditions such as the female infanticide and ritual fun (Maysir) on camels were common.When the Prophet Muhammad started his mission of talk Islam, which was propagating the Oneness and Unity of graven image (monotheism), he was met with extreme resistance. However as he kept his preaching consistent with the same rigor, the number of his followers increased dramatically gutter they were subject to completely change the cultures of Arabia and the rest of the population.Islam brought enlightenment in the Arab world by positively changing the dark customs and attitudes of society such as abolishing female infanticide, slavery, gambling and alcohol addiction.Islam as well as brought justice and provided human rights for each individual. In Islam, the life and property of all citizens in an Islamic state are considered sacred, whe ther Muslim or not. Islam excessively protects the honor of every individual. It does not allow insulting or making fun of others. The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) had verbalize Truly your origination, your property, and your honor are inviolable (as cited in Ibrahim, 1997, p.61).Islam also abolished Racism and brought human equality. The Quraan speaks of human equality in the following speech communicationO mankind, We grant created you from a male and a female and go made you into nations and tribes for you to know one another. Truly, the noblest of you with God is the most pious. Truly, God is All-Knowing, All-Aware (1997, p.61).Islam rejects that an individual is superior to another individual by his wealth, power or race. God created human beings as equal to one another. One is only better than the other if he has greater faith or godliness (taqwa). A person who greater taqwa is one who prevents himself from all types of sins, performs good deeds that God commands us to do, a nd fears and loves God. Concerning equality our Prophet Muhammad also saidO people Your God is one and your forefather ( ten) is one. An Arab is not better than a non-Arab and a non-Arab is not better than an Arab, and a red (i.e. white tinged with red) person is not better than a black person and a black person is not better than a red person, except in piety (1997, p.62).Concerning the status of women, Islam has from the very beginning given women equal rights as men. In the Holy Quraan, God says O Mankind, keep your duty to your Lord who created you from a single soul and from it created its mate (of same kind) and from them twain has spread a multitude of men and women (as cited in Badawi, 1971, p.11). El-Khouly Al-Bahiy, a scholar who pondered about this verse states It is believed that there is no text, old or new, that deals with the humanity of the women from all aspects with such amazing brevity, eloquence, depth, and originality as this divine decree (1971, p.11). In other verses, the Quraan also expresses clear-cut evidence about the equality of women such as So their Lord accepted their prayers, (saying) I will not suffer to be lost the work of any of you whether male or female. You will take place one from another. (1971, p.13). Also, according to the Quraan, charwoman is not solely unsaved for Adams mistake of eating from the forbidden tree in Paradise. Both Adam and Eve jointly committed the mistake, repented and were forgiven by God. Concerning religious obligations in Islam such as praying, fasting, giving charity and pilgrimage, women are no different than men. In fact, in some cases women are more exempted from obligatory duties than men. When a woman has menstrual periods or is pregnant during the past forty days, she is exempted from fasting and prayers. Concerning the pre-Islamic custom of burying female infants alive at birth, the Quraan clearly forbids it and considers it a plague like murder. It is said in the Quraan concerning thi s crime When news is brought to one of them, of (the ancestry of) a female (child), his face darkens and he is filled with inward trouble With shame does he hide himself from his people because of the bad news he has had Shall he retain her on (sufferance) and contempt, or bury her in the distribute? Ah What an evil (choice) they decide on? (1971, p. 15).Another reason why Islam is an enlightened religion is because of the greatness of the Quraan in impairment of its scientific soundness and being the better(p) masterpiece of Arabic literature. The Quraan was not authored by the Prophet as he was illiterate and did not possess the intelligence shown by the Quraan. The Holy Quraan was only authored by God. The Prophet Muhammad only received divine disclosure from God and then communicated it to his people.Concerning the soundness of scientific facts, the Quraan mentions some scientific miracles that have been discovered recently in the past 100 years, even though the Quraan was revealed 1400 years ago. For example, the Quraan speaks about the stages of embryonic development We have created man from an paraphrase of clay, Then made him as a drop in a place of settlement, firmly fixed. Then We made the drop into an alaqah (leech, suspended thing, and blood c multitude), then We made the alaqah into a mudghah (chewed substance). (as cited in Ibrahim, 1997, p.6). The scientific details evince in this verse were put forward to Professor Emeritus Keith L.Moore. Dr. Keith Moore is one of the worlds most direct scientists in the field of anatomy and embryology. He was impress after studying and conducting scientific research on them and when present at the Seventh Medical Conference in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, he said It has been a great pleasure for me to help clarify statements in the Quraan about human development. It is clear to me that these statements must have come to Muhammad from God, because almost all of this knowledge was not discovered until many ce nturies later. This proves to me that Muhammad must have been a messenger of God (1997, p.10). He also said that the Quraan must be the word of God and proposed that a new system of classification could be developed on embryonic knowledge using the Quraan and Sunnah (traditions).former(a) scientific miracles that the Quraan mentions are about the origins of the universe, that the heavens and earth were one connected entity, that there is a barrier between two different seas when they meet, that the mountains are pegs that stabilize the crust of the earth and that as you go deeper down the sea it gets darker.Successes and Failures of Enlightenment in the WestThe successes of enlightenment were of great benefit to humanity. The enlightenments principle of using reason (logos), observation and experience to explain phenomena around us contributed to the rapid advancement of the natural sciences such as the discovery of somatic honors (e.g. gravity) that govern the universe, space ex ploration and genetic engineering. The advancement in the natural sciences in turn led to a better standard of hold for mankind for example the invention of fractional distillation led to a greater production of petrol and gasoline which led to more expeditious and convenient means of transport such as cars.Enlightenment also led to advancement in the social sciences such as Economics. The concept that free markets maximize welfare in an economy and determine the scoop allocation of resources, as proposed by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations, was an example of the successes resulting from enlightenment. Some of the other fruits of enlightenment were the rule of law and liberal democracies. Despite all these successes that resulted from enlightenment, there were even greater failures resulting from enlightenment. near of the six elements of enlightenment led to some failure. The principle that logos (reason) is a measure over all things was overestimated as reasoning co uld not take hold of what is the divine or unseen. Reasoning cannot explain for example black magic that goes on in some countries such as Oman. Reasoning also cannot fully explain the existence of God. This is because we cannot see or hear God. Until we do not physically see God, we will not be able to know about his existence. Another failure of overestimating reasoning was it led to a general decline in religion. While all the main figures of the 18th century enlightenment were Deists, who believed in a non-interventionist cloud-maker God, their ordinal century successors became atheists or at least agnostics.Another failure of concept of enlightenment in Europe was the lawlessness produced from fascism and communism. This lawlessness was produced as the concept of enlightenment spurned the concept of divine law and believed that the basis of law can be found in nature. As what was called the natural law was actually made by the people, it was under the influence of either th e majorities in a egalitarian country or brutal totalitarian rulers.The Enlightenments sense of unlimited progress also had forbid effects. Tradition, which is the basis of all major religions including Islam, was completely abandoned. The concept of sacredness was also neglected. Rather any change was welcomed. By the end of the nineteenth century many people anticipated that the earth will become a paradise once all scientific discoveries would take place.In the twentieth century the real failures of enlightenment showed up. The results were two world wars that undone most of Europe and America. The use of chemical and nuclear weapons in these wars killed tens of millions of people. In between these two world wars the fanatic totalitarian systems of communism (Russia, easterly Europe, China, Cambodia, Congo, Vietnam and Algeria) and fascism (Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, and Greece) arouse. These one-party systems strongly discriminated against other parties and ethnic group s. They killed millions of people as a result of ethnic cleansing and class warfare. Examples of such brutalities include the Holocast, which was carried by the Nazis against the Jews. All these brutalities were a consequence of the inhumane rationalism that contradicted the discipline of ethics in philosophy, which in turn contradicted the ideas of the early philosophers and founders of enlightenment.Such disasters including the possibility of a World War Three are ahead of us. However, the present negative results of enlightenment are unnecessarily high consumption patterns in Western countries, a further decline in religiosity, wide scale environmental degradation, increased inequality between the poor and rich and the negative results of globalization, which include the widening gap between rich and poor countries in terms of national income and standard of living.Why Islam is more enlightened than the Western ideology of enlightenment and should be promoted?When analyzing the s uccesses and failures of Islam, I found that Islam has no failures and is a spotless way of life, which is why it is such an enlightened religion. However when I canvas the successes and failures of enlightenment in the West, I noticed that there were a stack of major failures that resulted from enlightenment even though there were some great successes such as the advancement in technology.The successes achieved from enlightenment in the West could have also been achieved by the Muslims if they had not deviated from the path of the Prophet Muhammad, which is the Quraan and traditions (Sunnah) of the Prophet. If we look the earlier eras in Islamic history, the Muslims were much ahead of the West in technology and sciences. The Muslims also had their own empire which extended from China to southern France. At that time the West lived in the Dark Ages and were inspired by the Muslim philosophers and sociologists such as Averroes (Ibn Rushd), Ibn Khaldun and Avicenna (Ibn Sina). A l ot of words in English and French were borrowed from Arabic such as alcohol (al-Kohol), algebra (al-Jabr), assassin (hashshashiyeen) and coffee (kahva).Also if we look at the time period (between the 19th and 20th century), when the enlightenment was causing devastation in the West such as the two world wars and the Holocast, we will find that there were no such major conflicts in the Islam world. The Islamic countries were at peace with each other.Also if we study the Quraan we will find that it provides a great deal of enlightenment even during the present day. It is sound in accordance with the latest discoveries in science. In fact the Quraan has been a leading use up to enlightenment for 1400 years since it begun. Since the time of the Prophet, it has been by far the best piece of Arabic literature and had a tremendous influence on the Arabic language particularly in secular (prose) and religious writing. During the time of the Prophet it challenged the best poets in Arabia to write even one verse as eloquent as the Quraan. Many of these poets (such as Kaab Ibn Zuhayr) accepted Islam overdue to the Quraans eloquence and originality. In the present world, the Quraan is serving as a guide to scientific research and jurisprudence.ReferencesBadawi, J.A. (1980). The Status of Women in Islam. Al-Ittihad, 8(2), 1-28.Davies, N. (1996). Europe, A History Enlightenment And Absolutism. Oxford Oxford University Press.Dupr, L. (2004). The Enlightenment the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Culture A Definition and a Provisional Justification. Yale Yale University Press.Enlightenment (concept). (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2006, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_%28concept%29Hofmann, M.W. (2002, Summer). Has Islam Missed Its Enlightenment? American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 19(3), 1-10.Ibrahim, I.A. (1997). A Brief Illustrated Guide To intellectual Islam (2nd ed.). Houston Darussalam , Publishers and Distributors.