Sustainable Event Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sustainable Event Management - Essay ExampleOne of such companies is Seventeen Events, a sustainable event management agency that produces events for a number of consumers and is an expert in managing table plans as well. Being proud of its sustainable approach, the company goes far beyond recycling and organic beverages and it is in its nucleus what make a business successful (Sustainable Event Management, 2015). Following the creativity and transparency values, the company perceives origination and creative thinking as critical to its performance, while its transparency approach allows the company to share its silk hat practices to customers and be open with suppliers.In the past decades sustainability has become one of the main goals of most businesses however, it can be difficult to measure the degree to which they are sustainable. Slaper and Hall (2015), consider that using a triple john line or TBL framework it is possible to go beyond the usual measures of earning and ROI, shareholder value to allow dimensions of society and environment. However, if focus on the investment outcomes with respect to profit, people and the planet dimensions, TBL can be utilise as an important tool to assist sustainability goals (Sridhar & Jones, 2012). At the same time, the TBL is considerably old approach, while complaisant and environmental institutions are changing and improving. In these terms, the following paper result illustrate critical approaches toward TBL and will analyze the theory and the sustainability policy of Seventeen Company.The idea behind the TBL approach is that business success is delimit and measured through traditional financial bottom line, while its social, ethical and environmental performance is non taken into consideration much (Norman & MacDonald, 2004). However, following the environmental activities, the companies are able to inform its

Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of using faith as a basis for Essay

Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of using corporate trust as a basis for association in worship and in one bea of knowledge from the ToK diagram - Essay ExampleSuch beliefs ache been challenged by logical positivism and upheld by fideism (Moser, 2002, p.128). The truth and validity of such beliefs therefore depends on the strength of the argument whether for or against and evidence presented therein. Individual motives, attitudes and preferences have had significant impacts on both trustingness and piety. It is important to note that there exist different religions in the world that are based on the different understanding of faith across these religions. Faith in world religions is therefore a critical issue to consider in assessing and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of using faith as a basis for knowledge in religion (Steup, 2001, p.47).Faith is defined as a determinate belief that is not necessarily backed up by adequate evidence (Conee, 2004, p. 133). Provis ion of good evidence to a given scenario or phenomenon constitutes an explaining reason, and therefore faith is ruled out at that instance. myopic reason is the principle specify factor of faith. The strengths of faith in constituting knowledge in religion are discussed belowFaith is defined by individual preferences and attitudes, thereby building a specific religion in that process. Faith as aforementioned is not backed up by evidence merely it is fundamentally a determinant of the many religions in the world. In the view of using faith as a basis for knowledge, decisions can be made on what constitutes knowledge in the context of faith. Since faith is already a conclusive belief, proof of faith is not a requirement in defining the resultant knowledge. Faith makes truth assertions without prior proof. In fact there are closely associate sources of knowledge like mathematics and theology that makes similar assertions backed up by no proof. combine on leaps of faith therefore provides a strong basis for knowledge especially in religion, because religion is directly linked to faith

MOCK TRIAL ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MOCK TRIAL duty assignment - Essay ExampleSeveral questions must be addressed so that the plaintiff is assured of a jolly instance in the courts. The background of the instrument panelmans is important to note when selecting the potential ones for representation (Walter and James). Firstly, the level of program line is of paramount importance. Of pivotal value also is the number of members in the family as well as spouses. This activeness of geting such questions tries to investigate any prejudices that may be hidden which could lead to the negation of a fair trial. For instance a jury could have been a victim of such a case in the past hence this aspect may lead to ultimate bias directed towards the defendant gum olibanum spoiling the relevance of the case under question. On the other hand, the defendant should likewise exercise circumspection in the selection of the jury to safeguard the rights bestowed in him. The reason behind such undertaking is to stop unfair circumst ances that hamper administration of justice to the aggrieved parties. For example, the defendant in this case must ask about the family members of the potential juror since it can be so coincidental that one of the parties to which he has a relationship leads in a certain insurance company and so on. This could pose challenges because the potential juror may sway favoritism towards the defendant hence no instance of justice would be encountered. The jury out to exhibit dire competence at all costs as well as professionalism to the parties, the defendant and the plaintiff. 2.0 Opening Statement for the Defendants As the case before us exhibits, there is a flock of negligence on the part of the plaintiff. From the instruction manual given by the fashionr, 1-4B has bounteously been used in the manufacture products in the household platform yet for it to turn dangerous in its GHB form large amounts have to be ingested in very mellow quantities (Andrew). Notably, production of Princ ess Beads doesnt use high levels of this element thus this renders the plaintiffs claim baseless. Additionally, we expressed our responsibility by giving veritable warning information concerning the product hence the plaintiff negligently dismissed this aspect. To this respect, we cant be liable for the inconveniences neither the eventual death of the plaintiffs son, Joey Davis. Specifically, Princess Beads has been positioned strategically in the market place to target children of older age than that of Joey we can never be bound by any honor to follow each psyche purchasing Princess Beads to make sure its used appropriately. Thus, its my view, that of the entire company that the plaintiff was responsible for the death of her son by not advising the caregivers to adhere to the instructions directed by the manufacturer. They ought to have played their supervisory role in the modality expected to hinder such unfortunate occurrences. If I was a member of the panel of the jury, I would elect an eloquent person to deliver the opening statement. The person should possess a convincing capacity with powerful elaboration skills so as to make sure that the points are delivered to the judges in a sequential and orderly manner which is both convincing and reliable (Hamid). The ultimate efficiency with which the same is done therefore adds value to this case and will hence build a strong defense that in not easy to surpass. By so doing therefore, the foregoing will add bonus points and also give a bearing to the

Prepare a research proposal for a research project in the area of Dissertation

Prepare a seek proposal for a research project in the playing field of management (including accounting, finance and management scien - Dissertation ExampleJob Descriptions are lists of the general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position. Job synopsis is necessary for all the functions of Human Resources and better fulfilance in these areas lead to organisational Development, so we can say that Job psychoanalysis directly, indirectly or eventually leads to shapingal Development. Organization Development (OD) is defined as the process of improving organization. The process is carefully planned and implemented to get ahead the organization, its employees and its stakeholders. The current study is at approach. This study is conducted to show the significance of Job psychoanalysis for organization development. The causality behind choosing this topic is that I have interest in this topic. This was the most significant criteria for me. Doing the thesis demand a lot of time and the quality of life will be enhanced if these hours are apply pleasingly. Moreover, the quality of research, writing, and arguments will be much better if I feel genuine passion for my work. This research would be beneficial both for University (name your college/university) and Nestle as it would improve the relations. These professional relationships can help Nestle to hire best talent from (name of your college/university) as their talented human resources. LITERATURE REVIEW Job Analysis is the systematic process of determining the skills, duties and knowledge required for performing the reflects in an organization (Mondey & Noe, 2006). Traditionally it is an requirement and pervasive human resource technique and the starting point for other human resource activities. In todays rapidly changing work environment, organizations extensively rely on Job Analysis practices in order to enhance Organizational Development. New jobs are creation created and old jobs ar e being redesigned and eliminated. Organizations that want to develop tailor jobs according to changing needs and thus Job Analysis is reviewed. In 1991, Ronald, Lawrence, & Goldberg discussed Job Analysis as the systematic procedure of collecting and analyzing information about jobs. Job Analysis consists of two elements a Job Description and Job Specification. A Job Description is a written description of the activities that have to be performed. Generally, a Job Description also contains information about tools and equipment utilize in the job and about the working conditions. So job descriptions specify the job content and the job context. The Job Specification indicates which specific skills, competences, knowledge, capabilities and other physical and personal attributes peerless must have to perform the job successfully. An acronym that is used to describe which types of attributes are referred to in job analysis is KSAO Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and Others characteristi cs (Ronald, Lawrence, & Goldberg, 1991). Job Analysis has been one of the most useful tools for gathering information and developing content valid and legally defensible alternative procedures for a wide variety of jobs (Harvey, 1991). When job analysis is used for building the human potential and it is examine and reviewed according to the changing requirements of the organization it finally leads to organizational development. DeSimone & Werner (2006) defines organizational

Organizational culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organizational culture - Assignment Examplertaken in thisprocessinclude lectures, video materials, prints, white-tie meetings, or orientations to introduce new employees to theirrespectiveworkand firms, based on the computer.According to research by Schein (2010), socialization methods project towards positive outcomes for the recently employed workers such assuperbjobperformance, supremeorganizational commitment, greater job satisfaction andtremendousreduction in stress levels.These results are snappyto afirmthat looks toretainits competitiveadvantagein ever increasingportableand globalized soulfulnessnel. turbulent growing organizations like AIT Laboratories employ strategies of conductingexcellentonboarding. These companiesbaseon fourcriticalfactors ofcultureas well asleadership. These factors include Mission, Consistency, Involvement and Adaptability. Corporate culture is amixtureof the values, symbols, rituals, beliefs, taboos and myths thatdevelop overtime in all companies.T he video corporate culture shows how cultures of different organizations develop overtime.It also shows how these cultures carefully fulfil andnurtureits values.With the new Vice President, the situation will lead to a raise in the productiveness of thefirmbecause only the bestgetpicked. There is a high probability of the chosen employee being creative andinventivebecause the recruitingsystemfocusses on those issues. If I were the Vice President, I wouldcommunicatein person through giving a speech to the employees after a team buildingdaythat I would have

Business and Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Employment law of nature - Essay Exampleit is the EEC (now known as the EU) that has had the most significance, particularly for law2. Elliot further comments that in addition to the economic objectives, it is intended that there should be increasing political unity, though there is close to disagreement particularly, though not exclusively in Britain as to how far this should go3.It is submitted that economic desegregation and the policy making of the EU is inherently dependent on legislation and therefore a important issue of importance is the ability of the EU institutional framework to effectively implement and regulate EU economic objectives at national level4. As an initial observation, Baimbridge and Whyman posit that the organisational model of the EU with the roles of the Commission, European fantan and the European Court of Justice is its inherent weakness in achieving EU harmonisation5.In supporting this argument, they conjure to the EU regulatory model as the democratic deficit of the EU framework in equipment casualty of direct influence afforded to European citizens over the decision making process of the principle institutions6. As such, the institutional framework clearly lends itself to conflict with the national political framework of member states. The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the doctor of European Union and EC law on the UK and business. Whilst the sheer complexity of varied issues raised by the impact of EC law and EU institutional policy making on the UK is outside the remit of this paper, in evaluating the issue this paper will focus on the policy initiatives of the EU, impact of legislation and undertake a contextual evaluation of the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA).The tension amongst European Community law (EC) and national law is arguably the most debated topic of constitutional law7. The design of Parliamentary supremacy is rooted within the British constitution as a fundamenta l weapon of the separation of powers

Governance Regulation and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

memorial tablet Regulation and Ethics - Essay ExampleThe main conflict which is presented in the film is base on consumer protection, specifically in relation to the environment. This occurs first when the families file a claim about the caller-up pose toxic pay off into the environment, specifically which leads to leukemia and early(a) health problems among the consumers. As the story line continues, the problems with health from the waste and lack of environmental concern continue to increase. The issues relate to several problems and questions of what the stand point should be with the comp either as tumefy as what is required in terms of responsibility and obligation to potential consumers finished the environmental concerns that are approached. The concept of relationships with consumers is the first problem which is related to the film. The consumers are unaware of the health problems and on that point is not disclosure of what is occurring with the environmental conce rns or health, leaving each of the individuals susceptible to becoming ill. The right to accredit is followed by questions of moral responsibility, integrated obligation and the commercial context of use, all which are violated. The lack of morality is based on the known factors which attribute to the toxic waste and how this will affect those in the region. This is followed by corporate obligations that are not followed, specifically which are inclusive of corporate social responsibility which is ignored with the simply focus on production and money that needs to be made within the environment. The commercial context follows this with the advertising of the company becoming negative as well as unfair consumer contracts based on misleading concepts of the rules and regulations being followed within the company (Nelson, 2005 96). The concept of consumer protection within the business as well as other legalities relate to this impact the business and consumers in several ways with the expectations with the business. In any business, the marketing and advertising, as well as the brand identity, is expected to have a specific percept and attitude about the company. The advertisements, which represent a positive identity with the consumers, are furthered with an understanding that the business acts in specific ways within society. When the context is broken, consumers, stakeholders and others believe that there is a violation of the relationship which has been created. Since this is communicated as a promise from the company, specifically in relation to the strategies and implementation within the company, it causes the relationships to not be saved and leads to false pretenses with the business. The corporate responsibility and consumer protection then intertwine with the understanding that the relationship is built on the corporation having the responsibility to care about the consumer (Werther, Chandler, 2011 105). The concept of consumer protection and fals e advertising is followed by other barriers that are often created with consumer relationships. This is related to the stakeholder agreements, investments and other negotiations that have taken places with businesses. Often, these lead to more profits as well as expectations which are taken. If the communication and relationships with others involved in the

Voip Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voip - Research Proposal ExampleIt is used for call initiation, call teardown and other call related data sent during a VoIP conversation. imbibe is a text based application aim protocol. It depends majorly on other protocols such as IP and UDP for transport. VoIP implementations with SIP mostly use a SIP proxy server to which the login credentials of users are authenticated. The proxy server in like manner routes call and signaling data. Clients tail end establish a communication link between each and forward SIP messages via the proxy. Communications utilise SIP are also used for changing call parameters or other features such as integrating more callers into a conference session. SIP registrars are used as additional servers to rate other users.VoIP technology is likely to be misused by criminals as it often does not require verification of any details to start using the service. The security of making such calls may also attract criminals, as many implementations use strong encryption to secure both the voice burden and control messages. Skype uses 256 bit AES encryption while Google Talk does not encrypt its payload (but will accept encryption in the future).As an example, an organized crime ring may decide to use Skype software that allows ring members to surpass anonymously. Criminals could use laptops running Skype, create profiles like a regular user and communicate when necessary.

History analytical paper (modern asia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History analytical paper (modern asia) - Essay ExampleThe book infra the Black Umbrella explains in a better away most how Koreans had complex and terrible lives down the stairs the colonization of Japan. The Japanese colonialism in Korea hovered like a cosmic umbrella the Peninsula this caused a lot of distrust, incertitude and fear over every life and every action. This left the Koreans with no option that to barely bask in the shadow cast by their colonial rulers. Colonialism is crime against humanity, this is so because the annex put up loses its sovereignty right to another country (Hane, 23). The colonized citizens are expose to brutal and hopeless life. Koreans were exposed to forced labor in their own country, it is true that civilization could be handled in a nonaggressive way without use of force or killing the people who opposed it, for everyone has the right of choice. Koreans who were rich in the first place Japan invaded their country were forced to become p oor while living in fear (Dudden, 12). closure of North Korea made its citizens to lose all they had to a foreign country who were hardly not genial with what they had in their backyard. Exposing people to fear in their own country can be very affright and this was the life Koreans were living under the colonization of Japan. ... Torture, forced labor and killing innocent people should neer be used as a way of making people feel they are universe developed, rather than being destroyed. Japan left orphans and widows in Korea the destroyed families were only left in hit darkness confused about life. It is true Korea as a country gained economically from Japan but the harm done to Koreans cannot be compared to those economic gains (Kang, 18-19). This is because Japan and other colonizers could have economically assisted the countries they colonized in a more diplomatic and peaceful way. The first method Japan used to colonize Korea, subjugation was a harsh way of leadership comp ared to the other two, cultural accommodation and assimilation (Kang, 20). The zesty Swallow film was aimed in showing how Japan had some positive impact on the Koreans. It is ground on Park Kyung-won who was thought to be the first Korean pilot. The truth was revealed that all this story was about Kwon Ki-ok of the republic of the China Air force, this forged story proved that what Japan did to Korea was only torture and license denial in their own country. Japan leaving Korea was not enough for they had affected the Koreans both socially and emotionally living with wounds due to lose of their loved ones (Matray,30). The movie Emperor explains more of how colonial rulers were only interested in subduing nations through torture. The movie has some images of unspeakable cruelty exercised on Koreans. It shows most of the brutal activities which the Japanese government practiced in Korea. The movie shows men being burned alive and women who had been gang-raped and abominably mutila ted. According to my opinion what is the point of doing such wicked activities in the name of, you want to change their

Threshold Selection Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Threshold Selection - aspect Study ExampleThis essay discusses that there are m each positive as well as negative responses to the assorted approaches that are followed by the human being resource management while survival of the medical prognosiss for any air opening and the changes that the gougedidates that are selected in such a way bring about in the organization these will be analyzed in this paper to assess how they influence the organization. With the launch of the UKs 2010 Equality Act, that provided the opportunity for the human resource management to shift towards more progressive approach and selection on the basis of social group characteristics that included grammatical gender, ethnicity/race, disability, age, religion and sexual orientation. There was a oversize amount of hostile response towards this act. It was declared to be positive unlikeness by stealth. Though discrimination usually means unfair, but selecting a tail assemblydidate for a job on the basi s of a set of characteristics is not only necessary but also a general practice. Every candidate has to be selected with respect to the job requirements as well as the needs of the organization. This article has provided a comparing of a variety of HR policies that are in place for the selection of suitable candidates for a job opportunity. There are a number of characteristics that are kept in mind while hiring the pertly staff for an organization. much(prenominal) criteria and selection procedures often raise the concerns regarding unfair discrimination while the candidates are cosmos interviewed., if not carefully monitored and responded to, these concerns can lead to legal issues not only for the organization but it can also effect the HR policies as a whole. For these reasons the governments launch general HR policies so that the points embossed by the critics can be properly responded to. As menti bingled in the article, various criticisms have been raised regarding the g ender discrimination as there are various jobs that are not meant to be for the female staff. Or selection of the candidates with respect to the political favors, one can avail by appointing politically favorable employees. Such discriminations are clearly discussed in the article and the response that such unfair differentiation gets by the commentators and the legalities that one organization might have to face as a result of the validation of such criticisms it can cost the organization a lot and it can also adversely influence the profession of human resource management. Thus the article suggests that acquiring the threshold selection model will be stabilising and suitable to the organizations, their management and the candidates in general. Section Two Summary of the research methods and findings This article has researched on the various selection policies and standards that are set by the general human resource ma

Human issues in society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human issues in society - Essay ExampleHannah Arendts article on the new ensure was triggered by the resultant repercussion of the Second World War and the holocaust. Many peck were left without a posit identity and left as destitute refugees both in their accredited native countries and in foreign countries. Arendt believed strongly threat todays policy-making regimes be consequences of the political philosophies of the western traditions. She saw refugees as the bad fruits of the on-line(prenominal) political ideologies and hence she challenges the purpose and effectiveness of the current political practices and thoughts. By her moving away from the concept of inalienable or natural rights and focusing on the right of individual membership within a community for the purpose if gentlemans gentleman dignity, she instigates a social foundation for human rights. Why does human dignity needs a new political guarantee as proposed by Hannah Arendt and what necessitates the need? This essay therefore intends to investigate whether in the light of totalitarianism human rights and dignity suffer compromise and hence project the reasons why human dignity needs a new guarantee Discussion In the article Origin of totalitarianism, Arendt reasons that the human dignity requires just about guarantee and this is possible through new political principle. This is after the nineteenth century idea of nonbelligerent cosmopolitan in the respect of human rights was destroyed. Arendt says that the state of creation a refugee is best understood from opposite perspectives physical, social and political fault of an individual. The lack of a physical place to live in and corroborate defines displacement, asylum seeker and the refugee state of human beings. However, other aspects also come in handy much(prenominal) as the deprivation of an individual right to action and to freedom of opinion. The collective sum of the modern displacement and the degradation are what Arend t terms as wordlessness. She sighted the remedy to the state of wordlessness as being implant on the need to revisit the foundations of ethics of human rights. This is because largely, liberal pieties on natural rights cause scattered credibility get wording the incompatibility of national sovereignty with civic responsibility and human dignity have been hindered as well as the importance of the citizens to understand their right in affording political empowerment being compromised. Arendt was triggered to study the issue due to an increase in refugees within Europe. The sovereign authority in the state embraced universal individual rights and national sovereignty. However, the sovereign states restricted people from acquiring citizenship or the right to debut into their territories. This is a contradiction of the liberal states sovereignty and universalism and thus denying citizenship to person or company of people or turning away refugees of other states is a wrong principle. She argues that such rights cannot be accomplished without the state acknowledgement to sovereign power and that a relationship abides between the state rights and individual rights. Refugees are thus the resultant product when the state rights and individual rights conflict (Cotter, para 5-6). The only way to understand the contradictions and failures of the current political thought and practice is by evaluating the experiences of the victims or

Argue that porn has changed sexuality today Research Paper

Argue that dirty word has changed innerity today - Research Paper ExampleStudies concerning the impacts of pornographyography in the society focus on various outcomes including potential influences on cozy dysfunction, rape, and difficulties with knowledgeable relationships among others. Individuals can easily access sexually distinct materials from the internet and the effect or influence of this is questionable. Today, exposure to pornography has left many sexually nimble and independent young women to engage in some sexual acts and do things that they do not indispensability to do in bed which they later regret. According to many studies concerning this same topic, men were found to manipulation sexually explicit materials from the internet as opposed to women. Indeed, watching pornography greatly venture individuals sexual behaviours which in turn influences their relationships negatively. Following an extensive research, this paper focuses on the relationship between p ornography and sexual aggressiveness among individuals. Even though exposure to pornography has been associated with sexual violence and failing relationships, its contribution to sexual enhancement for some people should not be ignored.Individuals exposed to extreme sexy images are more than likely to become addicted or tolerant to such films and this in turn will affect their sexual response. Despite the presence of many studies conducted on this issue, there is still no clear assure confirming that virtual pornographic images and films can make individuals become addicted to such acts. This is because addiction to porn sex or images influences individuals sexual experience in general making them to be sexually nonadaptive since the real sexual experiences do not arouse these addicts. In addition, most people using pornographic materials tend to fantasize about or imitate some of the scenes they have watched in these films in ordination to get aroused during sexual intercourse with their partners. Pornography is one common way through which

The Accused Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Inclusion Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Inclusion Programs - Essay deterrent exampleAs the report decl bes co-teaching methods are under constant research. The effectiveness in its completeness can non so far be ascertained as far as this model is concerned. But m all a pull ahead are found to surface by co-teaching process. Co-teaching is a model in which a team of teachers digest themselves involved in the development of heterogeneous learners. The team normally does not accept mere inclusion body of students with disabilities in a general classroom. The team members assess, evaluate, and locate the actual needs of individual students and act after planning to meet their needs. This paper stresses that inclusion programs for students with disabilities in regular class rooms do not give any tailor-made solutions. However, the inclusion of disabled students in regular classrooms are widely gaining obtain among all concerned. Several factors are to be taken into account in the philosophy of inclusion. Some are Age-ap propriate placement, Social integration, Curricular expectations, Staff development, Team collaboration and classroom management. While giving much cant over to the smooth running of the class, the legal support available for a parent to get his/her kid continue in the regular class room must also have to be considered without causing any damage to the general education process. Appraisal of parents with the fact that individual needs of the students with disabilities are keenly observed and strived hard to meet them to the maximum possible extent would ease the situations in many cases.

MGT 511 session long project MODULE 4 Employee and Industrial Essay

MGT 511 session long project MODULE 4 Employee and Industrial Relations (walmart) - Essay ExampleThis quite a little clearly be said as the club focuses on selecting individuals based on their performance as well as on the induction head performance. Here the family focuses on completion of computer based learning and also on the barter training for the employees. However, based on several reviews of present as well as past employees and retentivity in mind the several law suits that the company has faced, the employee relations clearly are not genuinely healthy. The company has over the years stepped over numerous employees and workers to come to their current position (Cram). In coordinate to overcome these issues and to improve the overall employee relations it is crucial that WalMart focuses on improving the relations with the employees. Here in order to achieve this, it is important to increase and improvise on the current policies of the company. Also, action needs to b e taken against managers who have been accused of any form of discrimination (Friedman). The only way that the company can effectively ensure that the employees are given the rightful respect and attention is by ensuring the management follows the policies. The policies of the company need to be revamped in every aspect, including the pay and the discrimination against women.

Council Responsible for Genetics Essay Example for Free

Council answerable for Genetics EssayThe Council for Responsible Genetics (CRG) is a non-profit NGO with a focus on biotechnology , the Council for Responsible Genetics was founded in 1983 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. An early voice concerned about the social and ethical implications of modern transmissible technologies, CRG unionised a 1985 Congressional Briefing and a 1986 panel of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, both centre on the potential dangers of componenttically engineered biological weapons. Francis Boyle was asked to draft legislation setting limits on the use of genetic engineering, leading to the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989. CRG was the first organization to compile documented cases of genetic discrimination, laying the knowing groundwork for the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act of 2008 (GINA). The organization created both a Genetic Bill of Rights and a Citizens Guide to Genetically Modified Food. Also notab le are CRGs support for the Safe Seeds Campaign (for avoiding gene flow from genetically engineered to non-GE seed) and the organization of a US conference on Forensic DNA Databanks and racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System.In 2010 CRG led a successful campaign to roll second a controversial student genetic testing program at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2011, CRG led a campaign to successfully enact (GINA) in California which extended genetic privacy and non-discrimination protections to life, disability and coarse term care insurance, mortgages, lending and other areas. The Peoples Petition The Peoples Petition was an online campaign to express support for medical checkup examination experimentation using animals in the United Kingdom. Within a year of launch the number of signatures exceeded 21,850 and include Tony Blair, the then-serving Prime Minister.By 13 May, the petition had recorded 13,000 signatures. The following day, in the wake of publicit y around a number of acts of intimidation by animal objurgates activists, then British Prime Minister Tony Blair proclaimed in the Sunday Telegraph, that he intended to add his name to the petition. As an unusual move for a serving politician, Blair described his intention as a sign of just how important I deal it is that as many people as possible stand up against the tiny group of extremists laboured medical research and advances in the UK.The petition offered the opportunity for individuals of any age or place of anteroom to express support for three assertions * Medical research is essential for developing safe and effective medical and veterinary treatments, requiring some studies using animals. * Where there is no alternative available, medical research using animals should put out in the UK. * People involved in medical research using animals have a right to work and live without fear of intimidation or attack.

The Catcher and the Rye Essay Example for Free

The Catcher and the Rye EssayThe Biographical Lens utilize to The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger expresses his view of auberge in his novel, The Catch in the Rye. His viewpoints are seen in the book through the eyes of modern Holden Caulfield. This novel demonstrates modern-day dilemmas and complications that teenagers confront in life. Through come to the fore this novel, Holden Caufield, the help shows signs of clinical stamp mourning over the death of his younger brother Allie which caused him to have a sharp case of Tropophobia. in that location are umpteen pillow slips that sustain evidence against Holden Caufields drop-off which expose his regular thoughts of suicide, his choice of withdrawal from society, and his incapability of viewing the in force(p) thoughts in life rather than the imperfect. Holden is convinced that society is full of phonies and nothing else, that all people have a side in which they should not be proud of, expect the younger generatio n, whom are completely innocent.Tropophobia, is a global issue where people who fend from it have the fear of changes. Tropophobia is caused by salwayse trauma that is fewhow linked to sudden changes. Holden has a comminuted case of this illness, caused by the death of his younger brother, Allie. This would explain the reason that Holden loves the Museum. Holden loves it because it never changes, its always the resembling and is always predictable.Holden Caufield demonstrates that he has continuous thoughts of suicide in the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Holden shows symptoms of depression by giving up when life confronts him with a problem. there are two examples that express Holdens feelings towards death that are exhibited in this novel. A major conflict in this story is when Holden and his roommate add into a dispute. Holden mourns while looking out the window and says I felt so lonesome, all of a sudden. I almost wished I was dead (page 48, chapter 7). This dis pretends H oldens suicidal thoughts when faced with a setback. Another instance that express Holdens suicidal thoughts are viewed during a conflict with Maurice (a pimp in the hotel). Holden Caufield is afflicted by Maurice and entertains the thought of ending his life. What I really felt want, though, was committing suicide. I felt like jumping out the window.(Page 104, chapter 14). As always, when problems arise, Holden seems incapable of resolving them and reasons the alternative of ending his life. This is revealed as a symptom of clinical depression.Holden Caufield excessively decides to withdraw himself from society. Holden makes this evident in multiple times throughout the novel. He chooses to outcast himself from his peers, family and from society. He demonstrates this aspect when he abruptly asks Sally to move to Massachusetts, How would you like to get the hell out of here?What we could do is, tomorrow morning we could drive up to Massachusetts and Vermont, and all around there, see.(Page 132, chapter 17). Holden chooses to withdraw himself from his peers and family to live solely and start over in an unfamiliar place. He wants to forget slightly all he ever knew (New York) and start over his way of escaping his depressed and lonely surrounding. He displays this aspect once again when he intends to escape out west and live in a cabin away from society.He makes the conclusion to isolate himself from everyone he knows What Id do, I figured, Id go down to the Holland turn over and bum a ride, and then id bum another one, and another one, and another one, and in a a few(prenominal) days Id be somewhere out West where it was sunny and where nobodyd know me and id get a job.(Page 198, chapter 25) He wants to completely isolate himself and extract from others I thought what Id do was, Id pretend I was one of those deaf-mutes. That way I wouldnt have to have any goddam stupid useless conversations with anybody.(Page 198, chapter 25). He desires to extort himsel f from civilization.Holden caufield is incapable of recognizing the beneficial aspects in life rather than the imperfect. Holden doesnt see the positive qualities in people and views the interdict. He calls others (including his peers and family) phonies. There are many moments throughout the novel where Holden is judgmental regarding people hes never encountered before. He claims that theyre deceiving and phony when he hardly knows them. For instance, before Holden Caufield encounters Sallys friend at the play (strictly ivy league, page 127, chapter 17) he says Then all of a sudden, she saw some catch she knew on the other side of the lobby (Page 127, chapter 17). Holden calls Sallys friend a jerk before he even meets him, as he contemplates negative thoughts from the commencement of things.Additionally, Holden calls a considerate and attentive teacher by the name of Mr. Spencer, deceptive Even the couple of nice teachers on the faculty, they were phonies, tooThere was this one old guy, Mr. Spencer. (page 168, chapter 22) Mr. Spencer is extremely considerate and concerning towards Holden when he invites him over to his house to say good-bye Im trying to help you. Im trying to help you, if I can.(Page 14, chapter 2). He calls many things around him phony, these phony things are usually things he relates to adulthood. Not only does Holden fear adulthood himself, alone he also wants to save others from becoming adults. As he explains about his dream job that Holdens only place in life is to catch kids who fall from the rye. J.D. Salinger uses the term falling because falling into or towards something is usually used in a negative aspect. Holden is a depressed character he reveals the negative traits of people from the beginning, instead of admiring the respectable qualities they have.J. D. Salinger uses symbolism in several occasions, he shows Holdens curiosity about the ducks in the lagoon. Holden doesnt understand how the ducks are so adequate with change while he fears it so much. The author also mentions the strangeness of Holdens hat, this represents his uniqueness and how he doesnt want to become like other people, like adults. The red hunting hat is also symbolic in the way that both Allies and Phoebes hair is red, this represents how Holden wants to be like them the fact that they are both young and innocent attracts Holden to want to be like them.The protagonist in J.D Salingers novel The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caufield is portrayed as a clinically depressed character. He is suicidal, constantly contemplating negative thoughts, and isolates himself from civilization. It is revealed that depression amongst youth is not easily overcome as is the grieving process of progressing after a strong loss in their life.BibliographySalinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston Little, Brown, 1951. Print.

Ecology Report of Brighami Rockii Essay Example for Free

Ecology Report of Brighami Rockii EssayAny fibreing with significant level of biodiversity exposed to threat of destruction can have severe deforestation and separatewise forms of agricultural clearing like logging, charcoal-making, etc. Due to this degradation of its ecological habitats, such region may become a home for critically goalangered endemic species. Researchers have it that the less rainforest a given region has, the greater the proportion of endangered species it hosts. In Hawaii, two native positions were identified as the about critically endangered species.Brighamia rockii Brighamia insignis are endemic to the region. Both of these species are similar to each other except their respective colors. Both of them also have plushy stems that function as water terminal allowing them to sustain amidst drought season. B. rockii though is different in color. It is a native plant with purple drawers that develops in its early stage, while B. insignis does not cha nge its color at all. B. Rockii can grow spectacularly as a branched plant 1 to 5 meters tall along with its thick succulent stems that narrows from the base.It has elliptical leaves that forms and looks like the head of a cabbage. B. Rockii produces fragrant flowers that have corollas in white and anthers which are class in three to eight in its axils. Few of the associated species of B. rockii are Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia), Canthium odoratum (alahee), Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei), and Scaevola gaudichaudii (naupaka). B. Rockii is an endemic native plant that belongs to the family of bellflowers known as Campanulaceae. Its common names are alula, olulu, pu aupaka and pua ala.B. Rockii is also tagged with taxonomic synonyms namely, Brighamia remyi, Brighamia rockii fa. and Longiloba cognise to have been nonexistent, this plant is only found on sea cliffs in the island of Moloka (Hannon 2002 Wagner 1999) i. Its natural habitats, however, ar e coastal dry forests, moist shrub lands above sea level up to 470 meters elevation. B. rockii is common to Molokai and extends to the northern part of the island Kalaupapa to Halawa. However, just recently, it has been found proscribed that it has become an almost died out specie in Lanai and Maui.Hand pollenation for cultivated plants allows its seed production to increase beca office its native pollinator are also extinct. Similarly, for the Brighamia to be hand pollinated, the use of a small paint brush is needed to transfer the pollen grains. When the flowers of B. Rockii are yet a hardly a(prenominal) days old, the pollen will begin to drop. The paint brush can then be used to smack up the pollens that fell onto the flower tube and place it over to another flowers defect. This stigma is good to receive the pollen when it appears sticky and glossy.Researchers found out that the seeds of Brighamia need the presence of light to produce and patter the seeds onto the surface of a damp medium. These seeds can also be stored in a refrigerator from 2 to 3 years but its capability depreciates after 10 to 12 months. It was also found out from NTBG report ((Ragone 1993) that came out on 1993 that the seeds of Brighamia were no longer viable after it has been stored in an area with a temperature of 80 degrees F and humidity of 25 % for 1 year and 5 months (Hannon 2002 Koob 2000 NTBG 1992 Ragone 1993 Wagner 1999).The plant was believed to be extinct but was rediscovered in 1996. From its discovery, only few remained and became part of the current population estimated to run at most 5 in numbers. No bird, butterfly, flower, tree or animal disappears alone. When they slip into extinction, they disappear with their unique genes the build blocks of life (Dr. Norman Meyer of Oxford University). These species, rare finds and threatened, may cease to exist even without being given a name. Yet again, Brighamia rockii is just one of the most critically endangered.The re are more that are unresistant to extinction too. Still, some remained unnoticed. Perhaps, extinction is natural but if we, humans alike are hastening the process, then plausibly our race comes with the extinction as well. Man has lost the capacity to foresee and forestall. He will end by destroying earth (Schweitzer 2004). ReferencesHannon, Dylan P. and Steve Perlman. 2002. The Genus Brighamia. Cactus and Succulent Journal 74 (2)67-76. Johnson, Margaret. 1986. Brighamia citrina var. napaliensis.Kew Magazine 3 (2)68-72. Koob, Gregory A. 2000. Cabbage on a baseball bat. Hawaii Horticulture 3 (6)9-11. National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1992. Alula. In Native Hawaiian plant information sheets. Lawai, Kauai Hawaii Plant Conservation Center. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Unpublished immanent papers. Ragone, Diane, (Program Coordinator). 1993. Hawaii Plant Conservation Center Collection Propagation Project Progress Report (USFWS tolerate 14-48-0001-92581). Lawai, Haw aii National Tropical Botanical Garden.

Candela Corporation Case Essay Example for Free

Candela deal Case EssayIn 2002, Candela Corporation statement of hard cash commingles shows a net loss of income at $2,154,000. The reason for the loss is from accrual methods as non-cash expenses are added stick out. This method shows the company the true cash flows of the business. Some of the items that were added back in that had a probatory affect is from loss of the discontinued operations and the interest firm the stock warrants.The categories that had significant subtractions were the foreign coin exchange site inconsistency and the respect of the deferred taxes. The results are the working chapiter that had resulted in a rude outflow of cash flow, which caused the cash outflow to show from the operating activities. There is a purchase of firm assets in the investment activities, which caused an outflow of cash. In the financing activities, it looks as if the total outflows were trying to stay in control with acquiring a modest debt and share issue.However, be cause of the previous commitments that the business had, they were required to buy back stock and to continue to pay on the existing debt. However, when this happened it caused another outflow of cash, and the results are a negatively charged balance with the operating, investment funds, and financing activities. With the company they had a previous cash balance and had the ability to survive with a severe damaging effect to the cash balance. The net profit in 2003 was 6,814,000 as shown on the statement.Adjustments were do in the non-cash items. A very important adjustment was in the loss from notional interest on stock warrants, discontinued operations, notional interest on stock warrants, and the foreign exchange rate difference accrued. This tax benefit of stock option and the respect of deferred taxes were two important subtractions. The analysis of the working chief city is there was cash flow from the notes, deferred income, the sale of inventories, sale of other assets, a nd more control on payroll department cost and tax refund.These cash outflows came from warranty cost, receivables, payment of payables, and restricted cash. This created a positive cash flow from the operating activities. The investing activities showed that there was one purchase in fixed assets category, which caused an outflow in the foothold of investing. The financing activities show an increase for the shares sold, following a good amount of a payment in the long-term debt and the lines of credit.Therefore, with in inflow of the share issue becoming larger, this produced n inflow of cash. Not including the investing activities, the other two activities created a positive cash flow, therefore increasing the companys cash reserves. A net profit was shown on the statement in 2004 of $8,119,000. This adjusted non-cash items accurately were important add-ons were a new provision for loss on discontinued operations, the loss from discontinued operations, the foreign exchange rate difference, and deferred taxes. The subtraction that was considerable was in the respect of benefit on stock options.This is an indication that the business is demo advancement. The analysis of the working capital is for this year cash flows were from the notes, deferred income, warranty costs, a control on payroll cost, and taking some services on credit. The cash outflows were from the receivables (higher credit sales), restricted cash, purchase of inventory, and other catamenia assets. Meanwhile the non-cash adjustment created a positive figure along with positive cash inflows from the working capital adjustments, created a positive cash flow from operations activities.The purchase of fixed asset of $685,000, lower from the occasion year, shows that the business purchased most of its fixed assets last year and this year the business leaded less. Their financing activities just showed activity for the shares issued and it showed a positive inflow of cash. Besides the investi ng activities, the other two activities were showing positive, large the company a positive net flow of cash and an increase in the businesss cash reserves. The information that was not found on the income statement or the balance sheet is as listed 1.The cash that was received from sales. 2. Any payments that were made to suppliers and/or employees. 3. The cash receipts or payments on behalf of royal family fees, etc. 4. Any interest and taxes have been paid. 5. The cash receipts for issue of shares. 6. The money receipt or payment for acquisition or disposal of fixed assets. 7. Any cash payments for debentures 8. The dividends paid or received. 9. segregation of any non-cash items. 10. The ability to forecast future cash flows 11. Highlighting any of the business area that is need of management attention in the terms of cash flow.

Metacognition knowledge and academic achievement of university students Essay Example for Free

Metacognition intimacy and faculty member achievement of university students EssayIn general, metacognition is thinking about thinking. More specifically, Taylor (1999) defines metacognition as an appreciation of what one already knows, together with a correct apprehension of the learning task and what cognition and skills it requires, combined with the agility to sham correct inferences about how to apply ones strategic knowledge to a particular situation, and to do so efficiently and reliably. The more students be aware of their thinking processes as they learn, the more they can support much(prenominal) matters as goals, dispositions, and attention. Self-awareness promotes self-regulation.If students are aware of how committed (or uncommitted) they are to reaching goals, of how strong (or weak) is their disposition to persist, and of how centre (or wandering) is their attention to a thinking or writing task, they can regulate their commitment, disposition, and attenti on. To increase their metacognitive abilities, students motive to take in three kinds of content knowledge declarative, procedural, and conditional. Declarative knowledge is the factual information that one knows it can be declaredspoken or written. Procedural knowledge is knowledge of how to do something, of how to perform the steps in a process.Conditional knowledge is knowledge about when to use a procedure, skill, or dodging and when non to use it why a procedure works and under what conditions and why one procedure is offend than an new(prenominal). Metacognition affects motivation because it affects attribution and self-efficacy. When students get resolvents on tests and grades on assignments (especially unexpected results such as failures), they perform a mental causal search to explain to themselves why the results happened. When they achieve good results, students tend to attribute the result to two internal factors their own ability and effort.When they fail, they m ight attribute the cause to these same internal factors or they might, in a self-protective rationalization, distance themselves from a sense of personal failure by blaming external causes, such as an overly difficult task, an instructors perverse testing habits, or bad luck. This aim to attribute success to ability and effort promotes future success because it develops confidence in ones ability to solve future unfamiliar and challenging tasks. The converse is also true. Attributing failure to a privation of ability reducesself-confidence and reduces the students summoning of intellectual and emotional abilities to the next challenging tasks attribution theory also explains why such students will be unwilling to seek help from tutors and other support services they believe it would not be worth their effort. In addition to blaming failure on external causes, underachievers often self-handicap themselves by deliberately putting little effort into an academic task they thereby prot ect themselves from attributing their failure to a painful lack of ability by attributing their failure to lack of effort.The tasks that students need to perform vary not only among disciplines but among instructors in the same discipline. An impressive strategy for preparing for a multiple choice test in biology is different from what is needed to prepare for a recital exam with an essay that asks students to synthesize information from several chapters. Yet students often employ the same strategyand sometimes the least effective strategyfor studying for very different kinds of tests. Furthermore, many students who perform disadvantageously misinterpret the tasks.Students need to understand the task accurately in order to use the most effective strategies. Research Question The basic aim of the study was to identify the relationship between meta-cognitive knowledge and academic achievement of university students. Methods To analysis and interpretation of data and Survey was plan ned to collect data from University of education (UE) and Govt. College University Lahore (GCU). 20 five (25) students were collected of UE and Twenty five (25) students from GCU randomly.Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) was use to measure meta-cognitive knowledge. This inventory consisted of hexad fragments i. e. Planning, monitoring, evaluation, declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge and procedural knowledge but researcher selected three theatrical roles i. e. declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge, and procedural knowledge. Responses were collected on three point scale i. e. Yes, no and to some extent. Scores of these brokers were used to compare Metacognitive knowledge of UE and GCU students. Analysis of data was presented in the form of Tables.Null hypothesis There is no contravention b/w the metacognition knowledge and academic achievement of students. Alternative hypothesis There is difference b/w the metacognition knowledge and academic achievement o f students. Ho ? 1 = ? 2 Ha ? 1 ? ?2 Table 1. 1 Comparison of pixilated pull ahead of UE students and repute brand of GCU students on member of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative knowledge) by freelance samples t-test. University of Education (n=25) Govt. College University (n=25) t- rank imply(a) SD flirt with SD 6. 21 1. 63 6. 52 1. 23 .749The result of independent samples t-test was conducted to compare mean places of UE students and mean bulls eye of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). The value of t (48) = . 749 is not epochal at ? =0. 05. This office that mean rafts of UE students and center take a leak of GCU students are not different on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). common fig 1. 1 public house chart shows comparison of mean gain ground of UE students and means score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). Table 1.2 Comparison of mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Conditional Knowledge) by separate samples t-test. University of Education (n=25) Govt. College University (n=25) t-value sozzled SD Mean SD 2. 98 .87 3. 10 1. 08 .430 Table 1. 2 shows the result of independent samples t-test. nonparasitic samples t-test was conducted to compare mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Conditional Knowledge). The value of t (48) = . 430 is not substantive at ? =0. 05.This means that mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students are not different on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Conditional Knowledge). Fig 1. 2 Bar chart shows comparison of mean scores of UE students and means score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). Table 1. 3 Comparison of mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive awareness (Procedural Knowledge) by Independent samples t-test. University of Education (n=25) Govt. College University (n=25) t-value Mean SD Mean SD 4. 16 1. 01 3. 76 1. 109 1.328 Table 1. 3 shows the result of independent samples t-test. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Procedural Knowledge). The value of t (48) = 1. 328 is not evidential at ? =0. 05. This means that means scores of UE students and means score of GCU students are same on component of Meta cognitive Knowledge (Procedural Knowledge). Fig 1. 3 Bar chart shows comparison of mean scores of UE students and means score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative Knowledge).Table 1. 4 Comparison of mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge by Independent samples t-test University of Education (n=25) Govt. College Univers ity (n=25) t-value Mean SD Mean SD 13. 38 2. 83 13. 30 2. 60 .104 Table 1. 4 shows the result of independent samples t-test. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive by Independent samples t-test. The value of t (48) = . 104 is not significant at ? =0.05. This means that mean scores of UE students and mean score of GCU students are same on component of Meta cognitive by Independent samples t-test. Fig 1. 4 Bar chart shows comparison of mean scores of UE students and means score of GCU students on component of Meta cognitive knowledge (Declarative Knowledge). Table 1. 5 Comparison of mean scores of academic achievement and Meta cognitive knowledge of twain universities students by Independent samples t-test UE GCU Low Achiever (n=25) High Achiever (n=25) t-value Mean SD Mean SD Declarative knowledge5. 08 1. 49 7. 33 0. 78 4. 64 Procedural Knowledge 2. 46 0. 72 3. 46 0. 72 3. 48 Condi tional Knowledge 3. 50 1. 07 4. 77 0. 44 4. 0 Meta-cognitive knowledge 11. 04 2. 18 15. 54 1. 09 6. 6 Table 1. 5 shows the result of independent samples t-test. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare mean scores of academic achievement and Meta cognitive knowledge of both universities students by Independent samples t-test. These results show that mean scores of Metacognitive knowledge and academic achievement of both universities students are different.Procedure To fulfill the above mentioned purpose instrumentation, data collection methods and procedures for analysis of data were used. The study was descriptive in nature as it addressed the prevailing situation of using meta-cognitive knowledge in mundane life by students. The target population for this study was the students of UE and GCU Lahore. The researcher selected sample by using expedient sampling technique from the students of UE and GCU Lahore. Fifteen items wee included in the questionnaire taken from met a-cognitive awareness inventory.After the filling of sample and development of the questionnaire, the questionnaires were distributed. The questionnaire was administered personally by the respondent and filled questionnaire collected back. The return rate of the questionnaire was ascorbic acid% due to personal administration. To analyze the data means standard deviations, independent sample t. test, was calculated. Results 1. The mean score of Meta-cognitive knowledge (declarative knowledge) of University of Education are same from mean score of Govt. College University. Because the value of t is not significant at ?=0. 05. 2. The mean score of Meta-cognitive knowledge (conditional knowledge) of University of Education are same from mean score of Govt. College University. Because the value of t is not significant at ? =0. 05. 3. The mean score of Meta-cognitive knowledge (procedural knowledge) of (UE) are same from mean score of (GCU) because the value of t is not significant at ? =0. 05. 4. The mean score of Meta cognitive Knowledge and mean score of academic achievement are different among both universities. Because the value of t is significant at ? =0. 05.

Swingline Stapler Essay Example for Free

Swingline Stapler EssayThe Swingline Heavy Duty Stapler is an office supply, more so than a household item. A casual attempt to purchase a heavy province stapler online (e.g., virago or eBay) makes it clear that there are numerous sellers of this product other than Swingline. Names like Stanley Bostitch, Sparco, subject Pro, Hunt, Arrow, and Rapid, to name a few and this list doesnt include the models offered by the brick-and-mortar retailers like major power Max, Office Depot, and Staples. A more extensive search would only add to the list. Searching by brand inwardly any of these online sites, however, pretty consistently reveals Swingline as the brand with the most choices and more often than not, Stanley Bostitch falls into blurb on the list by product count. This anecdotal evidence hints that collectively, Swingline and Stanley Bostitch may very well crap a strong share of a crowded market oligopoly or monopolistic opposition it could go either way.Page 2In terms o f establishing the footing for its heavy duty stapler, it is important to Swingline to price it reasonably close to its many substitutes. The competitors for this product provide a range of prices that serve as a boundary for Swingline to use in determining the price for its product a feature of monopolistic competition. base on the brand listing information, I would expect that a major competitor, Bostitch, is the one that Swingline pays most direction to Swinglines pricing decisions are somewhat dependent on the expected response of Bostitch. This is a symptomatic of an oligopoly.In one sense, it displace be argued that a heavy duty stapler is a regularise product it serves one function. Due to this, there is not a significant amount of advertising do to try to differentiate the Swingline Heavy Duty Stapler from its competitors. Sellers in monopolistic competition and oligopoly both drive to point out product differences, but standardized products exist primarily in oli gopoly and perfect competition so, in this regard, oligopoly seems to be the correct fit.On the other hand, attempts are made to give us the acquaintance that the heavy duty staplers are indeed different. Paper Pro, for example, tells us this about one of their models Patented unequalled staple-driving engineering provides the power to drive a staple through up to 65 sheets of paper with the insistence of just two fingers. Yet a different Paper Pro brand tells us 80% Easier than other heavy duty staplers. Not to be outdone, Swingline counters with a pitch for its complementary product 70 sheet staple capacity with Swingline Optima High Capacity staples. Add different sizes, shapes, and colors, and a case can be made for product differentiation. This would seem to bring monopolistic competition back into the mix.Finally, on the surface, it seems that barriers to first appearance would be minimal. The production of a stapler does not require a high level of technology or a signific ant amount of financial capital. For a new seller to successfully cut through the existing market, however, it seems they would need to have a price advantage due to the relatively standardized temperament of the product. The ability of Swingline and Stanley Bostitch to match any new competitors sale price could effectively strangulate entry into this market. Based on this criterion, a case can be made for both monopolistic competition and oligopoly.In conclusion, it seems that characteristics of both monopolistic competition and oligopoly are present. This would put the market for heavy duty staplers somewhere in the middle of the competitive continuum perhaps some oligopoly-type behavior by Swingline and Stanley Bostitch, but more like monopolistic competition overall. Given what I perceive to be as an inability to fool a positive economic profit over time, Ill hang my hat on monopolistic competition.

Miss Havisham Essay Example for Free

look across Havisham EssaySatis house, where Miss Havisham lives, is seen as medieval and strange. The house had all the windows walled up symbolising that Miss Havisham is trapping herself from reality. Dickens also highlights her frailty as if the natural light could struck her to dust suggesting that shes almost vampiric or supernatural, adding to the Victorian audiences fascination. Additionally, the repetition of the house being rustily barred nookie reflect the house as being a prison as Miss Havisham has imprisoned herself, Dickens could also be trying to represent her feelings of insecurity and decay. The first sight the endorser gets of Miss Havisham is of her school term in an arm chair, with an elbow resting on the table this attend is one of endurance and dejection as there is a mavin that Miss Havisham has given up. She was wearing a wedlock clothing, symbolising that she is trying to preserve the identity as an enceinte bride. It was made of rich materia ls- satins, lace and silks emphasising her wealth, stock-still these rich materials that were once white are now yellow The syntax shows that even though eon has moved on, Miss Havisham is locked in a moment of stasis. maculations narrative voice explains her to the strangest lady I bear ever seen, or shall ever see The adjective strange qualifies how odd and perverse Miss Havisham appears and the excess clause or shall ever see further qualifies how her strangeness is extraordinary. Dickens, however, denies sympathy for Miss Havisham as his mediaeval depiction of her, causes her to become a freakish object of ridicule. She appears as a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress that has shrunk to skin and bone.Dickens shows that there is a physical and emotional decay that appears black letter and skeletal. She has become withered making her the complete realisation of the ghastly waxwork at the fair. Dickens by choice states her as the waxwork at the fair as these freakish display s were shown as a form of touristy Victorian entertainment. His physical description of Miss Havisham is seen as monstrous and grotesque embodying the form of a medieval monster, therefore making it difficult for the reader to sympathise with her.The langu time, Dickens uses, is associated with death as he is implying that mania humanises and offers life and hope to people, whereas Miss Havisham has locked her heart away, therefore making it seem as though she is deathly. Furthermore, the externalize of Miss Havisham looking at herself in the mirror shows how she is uncertain of her identity, as she tries to fix herself as an expectant bride. The way she views herself is different to how she seems, so new to him, so old to me so strange to him, so old(prenominal) to me she has locked herself in the past and is unable to move on from a time she was happy.Pip forces Miss Havisham to study and look at herself differently. The syntaxs new-old and strange-familiar shows how she is moving in and out of different perspective. The use of the words as opposites shows how she has a completely misplaced view of herself. Alternatively, in chapter 49, Miss Havisham becomes humanised. Her appearance is acknowledged as Pip finds her sitting in a ragged chair which presents a sense of decay and lost worth. There was a new expression on her face, but her eyes pained, her face was worn by something more than age and her appearance overall is described as more haggard and withered than ever.She was staring at the neutral fire lost in contemplation, in this image Dickens appears to play on the myth of the genus Phoenix as the ashy fire implies that Miss Havisham, like the genus Phoenix rising form the ashes, wishes to be born-again in order to atone her malice. Miss Havishams freakish appearance at the start of the novel changes as Dickens humanises her to point where she cries. She dropped on her knees at my feet and held her hands out hung her head and wept cover the p hysical image of Miss Havishams repentance makes her seem vulnerable as it is the first time the reader sees her cry and showing her feelings, especially to a man.The crying humanises her as we see her real emotions, it also links to the myth of the phoenix as the tears are said to heal. In the process of Miss Havisham setting alight Pip sees her running at me, shrieking, with a whirl of fire blazing all about her Dickens in this image presents Miss Havisham as devilish as she runs towards Pip. However, it relates to the myth of the phoenix and shows that through the burning of her dress she is forgiven and extends the idea of being cleansed as it purges all evil.As Pip tries to distinguish the flames, he drags down the corking cloth from the table and with it dragged down the heap of rottenness and all the ugly things that sheltered there and captive it around Miss Havisham, showing his care and consideration that has grown for Miss Havisham. Whilst Pip cradles Miss Havisham on t he floor, the beetles and spiders were running away over the floor whereas before the spiders were nibbling at Miss Havisham, again a sense of purging, cleansing and healing.As they lay Miss Havisham on the table with a white sheet by and large covering her suggests that she is finally at peace and furthermore gives a sense of purity and cleansing with the native white sheet. The phantom air of something that had been and was changed Dickens shows the reader that Miss Havisham has changed during this and has become reborn. To conclude, Dickens presents Miss Havisham as a challenge to Victorian society. He also shows that love is redemptive and necessary and without it, we are nothing. inside Miss Havishams reformation Dickens shows the strength of her character.His intentions in creating Miss Havisham were to try and show the hardship that women who were spurned by the Victorian society had to go through and how cruel the society have been in marginalising them. By doing so Dicke ns has cleverly began to deconstruct the stereotype of a spinster and questions expectations. Show preview simply The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

Development of tourism in Scotland Essay Example for Free

Development of tourism in Scotland EssayFor a rural atomic number 18a to be a successful holidaymaker destination, the normal slump that anybody has is that the country must be easy to access, with modern means of transport and good communication, unlike Scotland. A small country located on the periphery of Europe, Scotland is characteristic of tartans, highlands, mountains, castles and bagpipes etc, and for long, poor accessibility and transportation persisted in the country. Nevertheless, Scotland is among the most successful tourist destinations. Many have try to bring about emergence of tourism in the country.The Scotts, in particular, were worried that the countrys inaccurate historic description might obscure its image as a tourist destination. But little did they realize that in fact, portraying the country in modern perspective could cause considerable harm to its bring ined image, which attracted a good pattern of visitors. Butler, Richard. plaid Mythology. 199 8. p. 122. The traditional tourist image of Scotland. Besides the residents, the country saw noteworthy visitors, who contributed, directly or indirectly to its tourism development.The visitors can be distinguished into three groupsthose from the field of military and administration, those involved in scientific studies and those who were engaged in bunks of music, art and literature. All these three groups had different approaches towards development in the country. The group involved in military and administrative activities was not directly related to the development initiative. However, their work involved a lot of traveling within the region.In their journals and writings, the group brought to light the difficulty in traveling in the region and the need for improving the transportation system there. Also, the scientific visitors wrote journals that described the personal features of Scotland and emphasized its historical heritage, which in turn, attracted much visitors. How ever, the group that comprised authors, and those involved in the works of art and music, was which make a significant impact on the development of Scotlands tourism. Their approach was the most dominant and for certain the most effective.The works of renowned authors like Scott, Dickens, Wordsworth, just to name a few, described the country as a place with a romantic appeal. They gave vivid accounts of the scenery, the landscapes, the chivalry of the mint and the military expeditions, which helped the country to establish a powerful image as a tourist destination. Not to forget one more group that did much to popularize the countrythe absentee landlords and their friends. They engaged in sports like shooting and fishing that alike made the country very popular and a coveted tourist destination.However, when more and more people started indulging in these sports, they were called off and Scotland remained a limited small tourist spot. Butler, Richard. Tartan Mythology. 1998. p. 123-125. The traditional tourist image of Scotland. The development approaches resulted in improvement in many areas in the country like let out communication and transportation facilities, better accommodation arrangements for tourists and the preserving of its natural heritage and culture, the established image of the country.The biggest strength of the development approach in Scotland is the realization that the tourists consider the natural heritage of the country as genuine and they are attracted to it because of its originality, unlike other places that are meretriciously ornamented. Only Development of tourism in Scotland 3 those who tried to fiddle with the traditional image of Scotland and try to portray it modernly reflect a weak approach towards its development. Butler, Richard. Tartan Mythology. 1998. p. 132-135. The traditional tourist image of Scotland.Yes, the rising participation in adventure activities like skiing and vesture the highland dress, along with the po pularity of golf rising significantly, reflect acknowledging of policies to sustain its image. If I were to manage its development, I too would go in for preserving its natural heritage so that visitors could get a real taste of the place. later all, tourists do come to have a bite of the place they visit and their nothing like get a real taste of itReferencecitations Chapter 7 Butler, Richard Tartan Mythology. 1998. The traditional tourist image of Scotland, p122-139.

Germany was to blame for the outbreak of the First World War Essay Example for Free

Germany was to blame for the clap of the First World War EssayGermany was to blame for the outbreak of the First World War do you agree?I do non agree fully that the Germans were to blame for the outbreak of contend. German intentions were non to start a contend, however there are a few events where they unintentionally inspection and repaired to escalate the situation. on that point is no doubt that they did help to escalate the situation between Serbia and Austro Hungary. In this essay I go out be arguing that Germans did non cause the outbreak of the state of war. I will be doing this by discussing the leisure chip, the Schlieffen plan, the September course, the actions of the Kaiser and the actions of Bethmann Hollweg.Many historians argue that because Germany pre-planed for war that when the chance of war arose they obviously provoked it. The evidence for this assembly line is the Schlieffen plan, it was a military strategy devised in 1882 as a means of coping with a dickens front war. Some people argue that the Schlieffen plan is the first traceable reason why the war started. However this is hardly true the Schlieffen plan was pull up because of the increasing pressure Germany was under because of the threefold Entente. Germany was after all geographically in bad position on one side they had France and on the other Russia, to make this situation worse France and Russia were allied. in that locationfore it is not surprising that a plan was created in case a war with the both(prenominal) countries was to occur. A war such as this would contrive to be fought on two fronts so to be able to fight a war like this on side would take a crap to be disabled quickly. The Germans plans to get to Paris in 6 weeks is seen to be an offensive tactic that is why some people see the Schlieffen plan as a plan to puff Germany if war was to break out. It is come about this is not the case, the Schlieffen plan was a defensive strategy designed to help Germany to come with a war on two fronts.The Schlieffen plan can hardly be seen as the Germans planning for war because other nations had simial plans such as Russia who had to stick to their plans so completely that hey had to declare war on Germany. An argument has been put forward that Germany declaring war on France is proof that the Schlieffen plan was a var. of expansion for Germany and that that it was not a defensive plan. However this is hardly true, Germany say war on France because Russia had declared war on them and Russia and France were allies. So to Germany I was natural that France would join the war because of the alliance system. Russia also did the said(prenominal) when the Tsar was told that he could not mobilise against Austria alone because the plans were for a war with Austria and Russia.The September create mentally drawn up by the chancellor of Germany, Bethmann Hollweg is seen as another piece of evidence suggesting that Germany had planned the war . The September programme was a document that set out Germanys war aims, including a list of territorial acquisitions. This is seen to be evoke because it was written so soon after war broke out. However Bethmann Hollweg was under a trade of pressure from military who needed to know their object glasss. It should also be considered that the German army had been mobilised for a few months so plans for the army had to be drawn up. Some people argue that because the September programme was released so quickly that these objectives must have been premeditated.This is not completely true, it was important for the germens to think quickly what they were going to have to achieve in the war after all they were fighting on two fronts. Some of the objective might have been premeditated but these were probably defensive ones thought up long ago. It is clear to see that Bethmann Hollweg was caught between the Kaiser and Moltke. Bethmann Hollwegs conduct is often criticized during the July cr isis. It is Bethmann Hollwegs actions that are used as the argument against him. However what he did can be seen as a gamble that went horribly wrong. Bethmann was not consulted on the blank cheque but did back it.Some people argue that Bethmann wanted to manipulate Russia into mobilising against Germany so they didnt look as if they started the war. This is untrue because sooner Bethmann thought that he could keep the Balkan war localized. The evidence for this argument is that Bethmann thought that Russia would not help Serbia if a war happened because the Tsar would not lend his support to royal assassins. Bethmann also mat that Russia was not military or financially ready for a war. Germanys mobilisation against Russia was only meant to deter Russia from war not to provoke them into war that is where Bethmanns gamble failed.The blank cheque is seen as confirming Germanys guilt in starting the First World War. The blank cheque is another example of a mistake do by Germany. Th e Kaiser gave unconditional support to Austria, this was done because Germany felt isolated by the triple entente and wanted to make it clear to Austria that their alliance was strong. However as professor Rohl argues the Kaiser was a very unstable man. There is a lot of evidence to support this argument such as when the Kaiser decided to change is judging about the blank cheque but then was convinced by his wife to be a man.The Kaiser was heavily influenced by others and there are many examples, such as the first Moroccan crisis where he was pushed by Bulow and Holstein into provoking the French. The blank cheque is greatly misunders alsod the vague phasing used is open to interpretation. The historian Gerhard Ritter argues that Germany sought to deter Russia from war, not to provoke conflict with her. The blank cheque like the September programme is seen as evidence that Germany had wanted a war for some time but really they have both been misinterpreted.The real nation that was to blame for the outbreak of war was Austro-Hungary who even after finding no evidence that linked the assassins to any terror groups in Serbia and after Serbia agreed to their ultimatum still invaded their country. This is really the behaviour of a nation with war on their agenda. Austro-Hungary it can be said had to avenge the death of Franz Ferdinand. Russia too could have avoided war but much like the Kaiser the Tsar kept on changing his mind.In conclusion from the evidence above it can be seen that everyone muddled into war and that no one occasion is to blame. The September programme and the Schlieffen plan which are seen to highlight German guilt, do not and are real defensive precautions not premeditated plans for war. Bethmann Hollweg and the Kaiser both were trying to achieve the same objective but were both communicating very well. The nations involved in the July crisis can be blamed for standing by their alliances instead of sorting out the situation. Germany did cont ribute to the mix up between nations in the Balkans and for inciting Austro-Hungary however they are not ultimately to blame for the outbreak of war.

Everything you Need to Know About Human papillomavirus Essay Example for Free

Everything you Need to Know nigh Human papillomavirus EssayChances are you have at least came into sense of touch with the human papilliomavirus and had no lead you did. Most adults have whom are sexually active have been exposed to HPV, with as many as 20 million estimated Ameri send packings to be infected with the strains that suit of clothes genital warts. The good news, most cases have no symptoms of health problems. Now for the bad news, it causes nearly all cases of cervical cancer . In many ways, you can compare HPV to genital herpes. Both are incurable and rarely have symptoms. However, both are subject of causing medical problems and are both widespread in this country.Luckily, HPV only causes cancer in a small percentage of those infected. Besides cervical cancer, which is usually all that ever gets mentioned when discussing this infection, HPV can also cause cancer of the vulva, penis, head, neck, and anus, but these are extremely rare. These viruses are called p apillomavirus because they tend to cause warts, or papillomas. Which are benignant tumors. Warts caused from HPV can appear in the men, feet or on/around the genital area. The strains of HPV that cause warts on the hands and feet are rarely the same as the ones that cause genital warts. There are about both hundred different types of HPV.Only about forty strains are caused from some form of sexual contact and only a handful are associated with cervical cancer. More than ninety-five percent of HPV viruses cause no symptoms and problems. The Gardasil vaccine, a serious of three shots over a period of six months, was approved for women between the ages of thirteen and twenty-six. This vaccine was shown to prevent HPV strains sixteen and eighteen, strains causing seventy percent of cervical cancer. Gardisil does not cure or prevent all strains of HPV. Researchers dont know if patients who show no symptoms are as contagious as the ones who are.

Health Essays Myocardial Infarction Mortality

health Essays myocardial Infarction MortalityMyocardial Infarction Mortality1.0 IntroductionIn the UK, about 838,000 men and 394,000 women have had a myocardial infarction (MI) at some visor in their lives, (NICE clinical guidepost 48, 2007). The latest statistics from the British Heart Foundation enunciate that almost 227,000 people suffer from an subtile MI (heart attack) each year (British Heart Foundation Statistics Website).To put this depict in to perspective this equates to nonpareil psyche every 2 minutes. Mortality is at approximately 30% which is 68,100 deaths in the UK per year. The subject field Service poser (NSF) for Coronary Heart dis relief (CHD) is a 10-year classme published by the Department of Health in 2000 and has set key standards for the prevention and give-and-take of CHD.Access to the right manipulation for those who suffer from an AMI, is essential to shrink unwholesomeness and mortality and improve clinical outcomes.People with diabetes mellitus constitute a meeting of patients who have a higher danger of having an MI and also a poorer prognosis post infarction. The higher death and leg rates appear to be multi positionorial but a significant finding in the Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-Glucose excerpt in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) Trial showed to reduce one year mortality by 30% (Malberg et al., 1995). Its recommended1.1 Primary ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between HbA1c and prognosis of patients in eastmost Lancashire having a myocardial infarction. 1.2 Secondary ObjectivesTo assess the prognosis of patients below the glucose cut off threshold for DIGAMI sermon and whether or not this borderline category get a bulkys in to the highest risk group in call of mortality and morbidity.To determine if there is both a clinical and analytical case to make use of fluoride oxalate tubes for germ plasm glucose and HbA1c collection and analysis in East Lancashire.To ascertain the effect of a previou s DIGAMI audit conducted in 2006 by the Clinical Audit Team and reflect on any improvements of conformance to the protocol 2 historic period later.If there is a significant relationship between HbA1c and prognosis thus a risk stratification chart and a more clinically and analytically robust inclusion criteria on to the intensifier treatment protocol (DIGAMI Regime) can be determined. This could lead to a better prognosis for a group of patients that fall into a borderline category that are not ongoingly treated under the menstruum protocol who potentially should be depending on the issuings of this study.1.3 Cardiovascular Disease1.3.1 Incidence of CHDThe incidence of CHD follows disaccordent trends across the UK depending on various factors including countryal, socio-economic and heathen differences. There is a definite North- southbound gradient, and mortality rates are at the highest in Scotland and the North of England.Social class inequalities in mortality rates sh ow that male manual(a) workers are 58% more likely to suffer premature death from CHD than non-manual workers. Statistics also show that South Asians (Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans), are more likely to suffer premature death with figures of 46% for men and 51% for women. This ethnic grouping the highest risk (Figure 1.).The East Lancashire NHS Trust provides a service for over half a zillion people offering boot across four hospital sites. The population of East Lancashire falls into one of the higher risk areas in the UK with local authority statistics for reflecting this fact. Age-standardised death rates per 100.000 in Blackburn with Darwen, Burnley, Rossendale, Nelson and Pendle show that these areas fall into the upper fifth quintile for men and upper fourth and fifth quintile for women (Coronary Heart Disease Statistics 2005).In the Lancashire NUTS-2 area, which includes Blackburn with Darwen one(a) Authorities 93.4% of the 1.41 million residents classif ied their ethnic group as white British, Irish or former(a) white background. A further 5.3% gave their ethnic group as Asian or British Asian. This figure is 1.3% above the national average. Even more pronounced is when the East Lancashire population is singled out, where the percentage rises to 10.8%. (Appendix ). The sub region of East Lancashire contains the highest proportion of ethnic minorities which is a contribute factor to the high incidence of CHD in plus to the socio-economic differences compared with other regions.Myocardial Infarction1.4.3 Risk FactorsPathophysiology1.4.2 Morbidity and Mortality1.4 DiabetesAlthough there have been significant advances in the care of many of the extrapancreatic manifestations of diabetes, acute myocardial infarction continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Factors unique to diabetes increase atherosclerotic plaque formation and thrombosis, thereby contributing to myocardial infarction. Autonomic n europathy may predispose to infarction and number in atypical presenting symptoms in the diabetic patient, making diagnosis difficult and delaying treatment.The clinical course of myocardial infarction is frequently complicated and carries a higher mortality rate in the diabetic than in the nondiabetic patient. Although the course and pathophysiology of myocardial infarction differ to some degree in diabetic patients from those in patients without diabetes, much more remains to be cognise to formulate more effective treatment strategies in this high risk subgroup.J Am Coll Cardiol, 1992 20736-744Acute myocardial infarction in the diabetic patient pathophysiology, clinical course and prognosisRM Jacoby and RW NestoMyocardial function is further impaired in diabetic patients by the metabolic changes that occur in the untimely stages of myocardial infarction insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia are induced by release of catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormone.10 At t he same time, secretion of insulin by the pancreatic islets is reduced,11 which impairs the ability to compensate for this state of insulin resistance. The combination of low insulin concentrations and advance catecholamine concentrations increases release of non-esterified fatty acids, which augment myocardial oxygen requirements and depress mechanical performance.12 BMJ 1996313639-640 (14September)Editorials Insulin infusion in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction1.4.1 PathophysiologyMention stress hyperglycaemia1.5 Glycated HaemoglobinGlycation is a nonenzymatic process of adding a sugar residue to amino groups of proteins. Normal adult haemoglobin usually consists of Hb A (97%), Hb A2 (2.5%), and HB F (0.5%). HbA1c is one of a group of a minor haemoglobins quarantined from the major constituent Hb A. It has become the dominant measure of glycated haemoglobin because of improved analytical techniques and ease of routine separation and quantification.HbA1c is forme d by the condensation of glucose with the N-terminal valine residue of the haemoglobin -chain to form an unstable Schiff al-Qaeda followed by dissociation or a Amadori rearrangement to form the stable ketoamine (Figure ). The glycation of haemoglobin is essentially irreversible and its direct depends on the lifespan of a patients red blood cell and the blood glucose concentration.Tietz p791HbA1c is to begin with used as an indicator of glycaemic control and used in diabetic observe. The feasibility study of the DCCT streamlet (diabetes control and complications) published in 1993 provided evidence for the much hypothesised opinion that better glycaemic control would decrease long term complications of diabetes mellitus and that the HbA1c test can be used as a measure of this.The UKPDS (U.K. Prospective Diabetes correction) followed on from these findings and conducted the largest clinical research study of diabetes focussing on reducing life-threatening complications by approp riate treatment including maintaining a HbA1c case of 7.0% or below (see section 1.5.1).1.4.1 Utility of HbA1cType 2 diabetes can be diagnosed using two different criteria, the firming plasm glucose (FPG) and the 2 min glucose value of the oral glucose gross profit margin test (OGTT) which is the gold standard. The FDG cut-off value of 7.0 mmol/L has been calculated to roughly correlate to the OGTT 2 minute diagnostic value of 11.1 mmol/L and provides greater reproducibility. A major disadvantage to the patient is the requirement to fast prior to both of these protocols.Glycated haemoglobin concentration is an indicator of the average blood glucose level over approximately 90 days. Though the lifespan of a red blood cell is normally 120 days, the parting of the plasma glucose concentration to glycated haemoglobin differs depending on the time interval, with the largest influence on the HbA1c value being the most recent.It provides a retrospective index of integrated plasma gluc ose levels and has been suggested to have a role to play in the screening and diagnosis of diabetes in addition to its primary coil role of observe diabetic control.The debate of whether an HbA1c result could be used for diagnosis continues despite the generally accepted argument that the test as a single entity is not sensitive enough to provide definitive cut-off determine and determine fictional character ranges because the values of the two populations non-diabetics and diabetes overlap.An HbA1c result above the upper reference limit however is specific for glucose intolerance. Another repair is the limitations of the HbA1c result in individuals with abnormal haemoglobinopathies and anaemias, especially when the latter is secondary to haemolysis or iron wishing (Kilpatrick, 2005).Glycation depends on the lifespan of a patients erythrocyte and the blood glucose concentration so in these groups the results will not be accurately representative of metabolic control in comparis on to reference ranges based on the general population.1.4.2 Reason for the StudyIt is highly unlikely that the HbA1c test will renew routine glucose testing for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes but it may still have an valuable role in this area. HbA1c levels may be less influenced by acute stress induced by an ischemic event compared with plasma glucose and therefore could be useful as a tool for differentiating patients with diabetes, and identifying un cognize cases in the inpatient setting.Although the increased risk of CHD with type 2 diabetes is universally accepted, a study conducted by Khaw et al. of the general population showed that medically diagnosed diabetes only accounted for 20% of all CVD fatalities. The majority of fatal events came from apparently thinking(a) individuals with a glycated haemoglobin 6% in the absence of diabetes and this relationship was independent of other risk factors (Khaw et al., 2002). peanut glycometabolic dysregulation may be associate d with an increased risk yet this road of research has been poorly explored. If a gruelling correlation exists then HbA1c could be used as a routine test in the primary prevention of CHD, and patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes can be diagnosed with dysglycemia. In this identified group of individuals, intensive treatment could improve the long term prognosis of the patient.1.5 Previous StudiesDIGAMI 1 and 2DCCTVA Cooperative StudyUKPDS1.6 Current Situation at the RBHEast Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust provides a range of health care and acute services to the Boroughs of Blackburn, Burnley, Hyndburn, Pendle, Ribble Valley and Rossendale with a population of approximately 515,000 falling into its catchment area. The primary purpose of the Pathology Department at Blackburn over-embellished Infirmary is to provide a high case testing service for the diagnostic, screening and monitoring of patient samples.Recent drivers for change revolve around The Pathology Modernisat ion Programme which was launched in 1999. This aims at modify the quality and efficiency of NHS pathology services and encourages the introduction of new technologies and practices to deliver high quality patient care and matching capacity with increased demand.Englands National Health Service has embarked on an ambitious program of system reform. The Labour Government has committed to increase NHS spending to implement changes of streamlining services and improving quality of service.One of East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trusts Key Objectives is to streamline diagnostic services and to reduce overheads as part of a Trust wide cost improvement programme. The aim is to work smarter rather than harder to balance activity with demand. However, current capacity to meet demand is almost at saturation point and we have reached the inevitable point in which processes have to change.1.6.1 Post MI ManagementDIGAMI1.6.2 Laboratory Service to UsersThe decision of treatment for some patients wi th a suspected MI can rely on the venous glucose result. It is therefore paramount that the result validated is accurate and precise.1.6.2.1 Glucose StabilityThe MI patients treated as per DIGAMI protocol are diabetic patients or non-diabetics with a glucose of 11.1mmol/L. An area of contention is the fact that for inpatients, blood blood serum glucose is collected in Startedt S-Monovette gel tubes containing no protective and analysed on the VITROS 5,1 FS chemistry system.The manufacturers guidelines state the stability of glucose decreases by approximately 8% for every half an hour prior to separation of the serum from the cells (VITROS datasheet ). Though samples from A+E are dealt with urgently this is a niggling timeframe from collection to result. Some bloods are taken via a paramedic collection on route to the shot and emergency department and therefore are delayed even longer prior to analysis.The stability of serum glucose is a well known problem hindering the accuracy of results this is the reason that samples arriving from GP surgeries are graceful routinely on the Thermo Konelab analyzer using blood collected in tubes containing a fluoride oxalate preservative. It has been discussed to also use such tubes for ward samples, with all glucoses being run on the VITROS analyzer. Up to now the stability go away of hospital samples has not been thought of as a clinical hindrance because they are prioritised and processed in the first place than the GP samples and therefore there has been a medically allowed toleranceThe importance of the admission blood glucose result has come to light as it can be a deciding factor for the inclusion of MI patients on to the intensive DIGAMI treatment protocol, and as a direct consequence, will have a clinical impact on the prognosis of a patient.Due to the glucose being metabolised by the cells and giving a wrongly lower result, a group of borderline patients may not meet the inclusion criterion for DIGAMI as a result and have a worse prognosis than they should have. Therefore this is an issue of great clinical importance. This project should indicate to what extent the stability is a problem and approximately how many patients it affects.If the HbA1c result could be utilised as a complimentary test to be used in conjunction with known diabetic status and admission plasma glucose then the inclusion criteria would be both more clinically and analytically reliable. Historically HbA1c analysis is performed by the haematology department on EDTA blood samples for logistical reasons.If analytical stability and comparison studies show that fluoride oxalate tubes can be used accurately and precisely for glucose and HbA1c analysis then one biochemistry tube would be sufficient for both tests. Laboratory practice for diabetic diagnosis and monitoring could then be a leaner process for cascade HbA1c testing in terms of archiving, recovery and storage of samples.1.7 Clinical AuditClinical audit is a q uality improvement process which is a component of clinical governance within the NHS introduced to improve patient care through a regular review against explicit criteria and the implementation of change. Participation is recognized by the General Medical Council as an constitutional part of good practice and the results should be used to improve the quality of care.The Myocardial Infarction National Audit Project (MINAP) is funded by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) and is carried out by the Royal College of Physicians (RCP). It was established in 1999 as a method of clinical audit to examine the quality of management of myocardial infarction and shows how hospitals in England and Wales are performing against targets in the NSF for CHD.1.7.1 Summary of 2006 DIGAMI AuditIn 2006, the clinical audit team conducted an audit with one of its main objectives being to assess whether the DIGAMI protocol was being adhered to. This was a retrospective study in which th e casenotes of 46 patients were viewed and information extracted. These patients were either known diabetics or had a plasma glucose of 11.1mmol, and had presented with cardiac pain.A summary of the baseline characteristics was that over half of the patients were of Asian descent, there was a comminuted female prevalence and the majority included were known diabetics. They also concluded that the DIGAMI regime was only initiated in 24% of the cases, whereas all 46 patients should have been treated as per current protocol. Another non-conformance to the protocol was the fact that approximately 50% of the patients did not have a venous blood glucose checked by the biochemistry science laboratory (Bharucha et al., 2006). The results of this audit will be re-addressed in this study to ascertain the effectiveness of the recommendations and the impact of the results two years on.Reasons for undertaking this projectAccording to estimates there are as many as a ternion of undiagnosed dia betics (as cited in Greci et al., 2003). The DIGAMI regime is an intensive treatment protocol for the management of myocardial infarction in patients known to have diabetes mellitus or in patients with hyperglycaemia on admission. At East Lancashire NHS Trust, intensive treatment with intravenous dextrose and insulin reduce and control blood glucose levels to between 4-9 mmol/L.Currently, there is a standardised inclusion criterion and treatment protocol rather than a treatment programme which is graded in intensity, and tailored to individual glycometabolic status. Hospital glucoses are analysed using serum collected in Starsedt Monovet 4.2 ml gel tubes.The manufacturers guidelines state the stability of glucose could decrease by 7% every half an hour prior to separation of the serum from the cells. Although samples from A+E are dealt with urgently this is a short timeframe. Paramedic collection of samples on route mean even longer time delays before separation.